Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Attributes of entrepreneur EssayConfidence positive thlnklng is a major step In the direction of success 5. Positive brain entrepreneur are positive thinkers. Wealth does not always come to the most intelligent or the most ambitious individuals. Patience -when one owns who his business, on that point will be times when feels like the roof of craving-in. 7. Decisiveness one should go with his intuition and trust that he is doing the right thing 8. Experience broker for growth as a key 9. Information seeking entrepreneur should seek information with client and competitors, seek advice. 10. Perseverance must be volition to persevere during rough times 11. Drive needs to be totally committed 12. Risk taking prefer tasks, which provide them some challenges 13.Innovation creative, they do things in new and different ways 14. Opportunity-seeking readily identifies opportunities for going into or to improve his business 15. Demand for efficiency and quality entrepreneur alwa ys strives to date ways to do things better, faster and at a lower cost 16. Systematic planning and monitoring introduces some system in achlevlng his goals by pause this goal Into short term and long term goals 11. Persuasion and networking easy establishes a network or personal and business contacts around them

Microelectronic Pill Essay Example for Free

Microelectronic Pill Essay1 ABSTRACTThe invention of transistor enabled the first use of radiometry capsules, which used simple circuits for the internal study of the gastro-intestinal (GI) pathway. They couldnt be used as they could transmit only from a single channel and to a fault collectable to the size of the components. They also suffered from poor reliability, low sensitivity and short lifetimes of the devices. This led to the application of single-channel telemetry capsules for the detection of disease and abnormalities in the GI tract where restricted area prevented the use of traditional endoscopy. They were later modified as they had the disadvantage of using laboratory type sensing elements such as the glass pH electrodes, resistance thermometers, and so forthThey were also of very large size. The later modification is similar to the above instrument but is smaller in size due to the application of existing semiconductor fabrication technologies. These technologi es led to the formation of MICROELECTRONIC PILL. Microelectronic pill is basically a multichannel sensor used for remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This is used for the real-time measurement parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The sensors are fabricated using electron beam and photolithographic praxis integration and were controlled by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).2 INTRODUCTIONWhen Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the Gastro enteral Tract simultaneously perform multi parameter in situ physiological analysis After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal bowel movement The pill is 16mm in diameter 55mm long weighing around 5 gram It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen in real time. It measures the body core temperature. Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in other sensors. It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION ULCERS.3TECHNOLOGY employ IN MICROELECTRONIC PILLION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR(ISFET) The ISFET measures pH. It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels These abnormalities include Pancreatic disease Hypertension unhealthy bowel disease The activity of fermenting bacteria The level of acid excretion Reflux of oesophagus Effect of GI specific drugs on bell ringer organs. The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of water salt absorption, bile secretion the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract. Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity as measured. DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE The terzetto electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution.It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Trac t It investigates Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection Formation of radicals causing cellular injury pathophysiological conditions like inflammation Gastric ulceration. It develops generation enzymes linked with amperometric biosensors. ASIC The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control whole that connects together other components of the micro system. It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) digital to analogue (DAC) converters, digital data bear upon module The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflects a corresponding change in in diode voltage.The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source voltage changing with threshold voltage pH. The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity. An incorporated pot entiostat circuit operates the O 2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the reference Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC. ASIC sensors use up 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current. CONTROL CHIP Size of transmitter = 8 ? 5 ? 3 mm Modulation Scheme = Frequency mooring Keying (FSK) Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20 C Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.RADIO TRANSMITTOR4ExperimentalThe electronic pill comprise a biocompatible capsule, which consists of a chemically resistant polyether-terketone (PEEK) coating, the four microfabricated sensors, the ASIC control chip and a decided component radio transmitter (Fig. 1). The unit I powered by two SR44 Ag2O batteries (3.1 V), which provides an operating time of 35 hours at the rated power consumption of 15 mW. The sensors were fabricated on two separate 55 mm2 silicon chi ps located at the front end of the capsule. The temperature sensor is embedded in the substrate, whereas the conductivity sensor is directly exposed to the surroundings.The pH and oxygen sensors were enclosed in two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers containing a 0.1M KOH solution retained in a 0.2 % calcium alginate gel. The electrolyte maintains a stable potential of the integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrodes used by the two sensors. The oxygen and pH sensor are cover by a 12 ?m thick film of teflon and nafion respectively, and protected by a 15 ?m thick dialysis membrane of polycarbonate. The signals were well-educated by the ASIC and then transmitted to a local receiver (base station) at 40.01 MHz prior to data acquisition on a PC. The applied simplex communication link, based on a direct sequence spread spectrum communication system, can handle data from several pills at the same time.4 APPLICATIONIt is used in the medical diagnosis of gestro-intestial tract disease.5 CONCLUS IONThe electronic pill will be further miniaturised for human use by the incorporation of the transmitter on silicon and a reduction in power consumption by the implementation of a standby modus and incidental bitstream data compression. The integration of radiation sensors and the application of indirect imaging technologies such as ultrasound and impedance tomography will improve the detection of tissue abnormalities and radiology treatment associated with cancer and chronic inflammation.6 REFERENCES1 www.wikipedia.com2 www.seminar-only.com3 Cane, C., I. Gracia, and A. Merlos, Microelectronics Journal.

The Largest International Bond Market In The World Finance Essay

The Largest International Bond Market In The World Finance EssayFirstly, it is important to define what a bandage is. A bond is a debt instrument requiring the issuer a business, a bank, an international organization, or a government to repay to the investor (the lenders) the amount borrowed plus interest (coupon rate) over a stipulate period. Terms atomic number 18 contractually fixed. Bonds issued specify a fixed date when amount borrowed is due and a remuneration (which may be fixed or variable) indexed to interest rate and non the result of the beau monde. Default risk is reflected in yields. Indeed, the higher yields the bond provides, the more risky the investment. In order to attract investors, companies conjure a higher return than the government. The bond rating help in estimating the default risk.The bonds are traded on the bond securities industry. The development of bond market has enabled companies and government, to vary their sources of funding. In the internati onal bond market, we can bring out three main marketsDomestic bond market the bonds are issued by a national borrower in his own country. Most of time, we can find bonds denominated in the local currency.Foreign bond market a foreign borrower issues bonds on another market than his local market. Most of time, we can find bonds denominated in the local currency. Exchanges of bonds issued by a foreign entity are chthonic local market authorities control.Eurobond market.We absorb to determinate what a Eurobond is. The word Eurobond might be misunderstood. Indeed, Eurobonds do not mean bonds of European countries or euro-denominated bonds. The original sense of the world is realizen in this definition A Eurobond is a bond underwritten by an international syndicate and sold in countries other than the country of the currency in which the issue is denominated The Online Encyclopedia. In others words, the bond is issued and traded in a currency which is not the home currency of the inv estors. Eurobonds are not traded on a specific national bond market. Thus, Eurobonds are not subjects to the rules of any country. They are issued and traded within an unregulated market. Usually, a Eurobond is issued by an international syndicate (a group of banks that acts jointly).Eurobond market is separated into two different markets original market (first issue of bond).Secondary market ( lot your own Eurobond to another investor). Eurobonds bought in the primary market can be sold prior to their maturity in the secondary market. In this market, Eurobonds are traded over-the-counter.Moreover, the Eurobond market is separated into sectors the different bonds are classified taking account of the currency in which it is denominated.We can take this subject to show what a Eurobond is. Firm headquartered in Scotland issues bond and increases capital in China denominated in Pound sterling. In this case, this is a Eurobond called Euro Sterling Bond. If the Scottish conjunction issu es bond in US Dollar in China, it is also a Eurobond called Euro Dollar Bond.In the United States, during the sixties, there was unfavorable tax regime in the bond market. Thats wherefore, American companies started to issue US Dollar denominated bond outside their own country. Thus, the Eurobond market became widespread. The First Eurobond was issued in 1963. This market is still growing under development.Usually, the borrowers or investors in the Eurobond markets are large companies, international organizations or financial institutions and governments and not individuals. In order to raise funds, the governments or companies (the borrowers) can issue and sell bonds. Thus, they attract investors who want to deposit money. Each entity wins the firms and the governments find money to finance their activities and the investors are repaid plus interest.Investors and issuers favor to use the Eurobond markets for several reasonsThe main reason why an issuer survival of the fittest th e Eurobond markets is that it is cheaper to obtain financing. Eurobonds are not subject to tax and largely free from government regulation. There is a great borrowing flexibility. Issuers can choice the country in which to sell their bonds. Thus, they choice countries where there is the least amount of constraints. They have to choice which country has the best bond legislation. In this manner, they can cut down their borrowings costs. That is why obtaining financing on the Eurobond markets is cheaper than the other market.And, they can propose advantageous offers. Indeed, to attract investors, issuers have to offer investors the well-price financing (at least as competitive as those available in the long-term or equity markets in their own countries). Moreover, income investors are not subject to double tax (borrowing country and home country). Hence, the Eurobond markets give an investor a possibility of achieving a higher yield on investments (advantageous offers from issuers an d less income tax). Thus, Eurobond market regulation also benefits investors.The Eurobond market is considered as extremely liquid. The liquidity of a bond depends on the ability to be bought or sold without price concessions investors usually require bond liquidity. The Eurobond markets have high liquidity because Eurobond trading takes entrust 24 hours a day worldwide.The Eurobond markets are easily access codeible. Hence, the companies or others investors can obtain financing in an economy where financing is hard to obtain. Issuing Eurobonds gives companies wider access to the international market which they may normally not be able to access. Moreover, this wider access to the international market increases the international recognition for the companies.The international Eurobond market is tranquil of a wide range of investors. It is easy for the issuers to find investors who want to deposit money.Usually, some large firms issue Eurobonds to raise funds in order to prune up a subsidiary abroad. Take a UK-based company for example. It wishes to establish its operations in China the firm has to obtain Chinese yuan for the operation. Therefore, the company must issue Eurobonds in Chinese Yuan which be sold to the buyers owning Chinese currency in another country than China. Thus, the company obtains Chinese Yuan by way of compensation of Eurobonds. Then, it gives money to its subsidiary qualoan. In the future, the subsidiary will start making money. The latter will give its profit to give back the interest on theloanbore by the parent company.The fact of issuing Eurobonds gives the ability the parent company to reduce the risk. Indeed, the currency risk is avoided because its indebtedness (Eurobond in Chinese Yuan) is brought into balance by its asset (loanin Chinese Yuan), thereby, the firm will not be subject to modifications in the value of Chinese Yuan.When a bond is issued, investors name has to be registered when he buys the bond (registered form ) either or the investor does not need to give his name, he can own directly the Eurobond (bearer form). Usually, the Eurobond markets us the bearer form because there is no central register. Thus, the buyer can keep his anonymity. Eurobond permits to keep investors identity hidden. It is a key characteristic for. Investors prefer to keep anonymity.And logically, instead of issuing shares to increase funds firms can use the Eurobond markets. In this manner, companies keep the whole control of it strategy.A Eurobond is a special bond. Indeed, it is not subject to regulations and constraints governments. Eurobonds are not traded on a specific national bond market. The Eurobond market is probably one of the most attractive bond markets for twain issuers and investors. This is mainly due to the self-regulations and flexibility of this market. The issuer can reduce borrowing costs and find easily anywhere and anytime an entity which want to deposit money. The investor can achieve a high er yield on investments and keep his identity hidden.Today, the Eurobond market is the largest international bond market in the world.

Treatment of Homosexuality in Restoration and Enlightenment

Treat custodyt of Homo versedity in Restoration and Enlighten handstHomosexuality and the worry of Identification in Restoration and discern manpowert EnglandRestoration and Enlighten custodyt England undeniably inherited, and to a large extent carried on the affable, unearthly, and good prejudices, or restrictions towards transvestite men that already existed for umpteen centuries. The pronounced and extensive feelings against transgenderity in England which could be regarded as homophobic, as else where were fast(a)ly related to Christian divinity and its strong determine upon prevailing social attitudes. There are several outright and clear condemnations of human beingity in both the Old and New Testaments that influenced Christian theology to repel transsexual(prenominal)ity as a deeply sinful and nefarious act.1 Outside of Judeo- Christian theology and ideology, oddity had not always been condemned or goodly and socially vilified. Indeed in classical Greece and Rome being openly homosexual seemingly left men without detrimental social, spectral, or legal consequences, which meant that few men had bothered to cover up their homosexual identities, feelings, activities, and lifestyles. All that had changed once Christianity had become the dominant religion doneout Europe and taught that homosexuality was abnormal and sinful behaviour, and acquit to actions which were morally indefensible.2 The Renaissance had rekindled interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and sculpture, which in parts mentioned homosexuality as a normal and un-sinful part of occasional life. An unintended by product of the Renaissance had been the realisation that young-begetting(prenominal) homosexuality had not always been socially, or religiously taboo, and that it had not wherefore been illegal in classical Greece or Rome. These earlier societies had not held homosexual men in disdain or made them social outcasts yet they were supposed to be immor al and degenerate compared to Christian societies. The realisation that only Judeo-Christian societies were so predominantly homophobic provided an impetus for homosexual men to alter their societies by arguing that they were extra to chose how they lived their lives and were not actually morally depraved. The initial moves to allow homosexual men to live openly started in Southern Europe before having an impact in Renaissance and Enlightenment England.3Arguably the rehabilitation disrupted the liberalising effects of the Renaissance, yet would eventually lead to increased levels of secularisation, and to the more liberal academic, social, and scientific attitudes of the Enlightenment. The more speedy consequences of the Reformation was increased proves to rid Western European societies of false theology and better it of immorality such(prenominal) as homosexuality, although the resulting conflicts amongst Roman Catholicism and Protestantism standard the most attention among st contemporaries and historians alike.4 In England the onset of the Reformation had not altered the difficult situations that homosexual men faced if they wished to live their lives openly. That was due to the Protestants whether indoors the Church of England or the non-conformists outside of it being as impertinent to male homosexuality as the Roman Catholic Church had always been. For the churches, homosexual thoughts or desires were just as sinful as actually performing homosexual acts. However if homosexual men refrained from acting upon their desires they would at least escape profane punishment for their sins, which would be judged by God on their Judgement Day. Homosexual men either had to traverse their sexual preferences or deny them completely. For they had virtually no alternative to concealing their orientation or gender identifications, and leading clandestine private lives. Hiding sexual orientation could make all the difference between been socially and economica lly successful or been disgraced, and possibly executed. Rumours of being homosexual could prove to be ruinous whether such allegations were proven or not. If actual homosexual acts could be proved to cook taken place beyond doubt in an English Cr avouch Court it would be fatal to those convicted. The high risks convoluted in leading a homosexual life even in secret helps to explain the lack of evidence that homosexual men left layabout about themselves, as leaving information in writing or talking to the wrong people could leave to being convicted and then executed.5The concealment of homosexual identification was almost universally considered to be essential in England prior to the Restoration and Enlightenment eras, and remained highly important throughout those times. For men that held powerful social, economic, political, and religious positions being cosmosly identified or just rumoured to be a homosexual could prove to be disastrous for the maintenance of their position. Such rumours could reach the conk of the political, social, and religious orders. During the 1590s until his death, even the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift came under suspicion of being sexually involved with another man. Whitgift was lucky enough to maintain the confidence of Elizabeth I as well as James I and therefore was not disgraced or removed from his post. Clergy had to be above suspicion of immoral sexual conduct whether homosexual or heterosexual in nature. The fact that England as a Protestant country allowed clerical marriage meant that the clergy could gratify heterosexual needs through marriage, whilst homosexual clergy if they existed had to preach the teachings of a religion that despised their sexuality.6The higher position a man held the greater the effort he would have put into secrecy his homosexual orientation and identification. For instance, in the 14th century Edward IIs known homosexuality, when combined with his political ineptness contributed to his removal from the throne, and his subsequent murder. Kings were expected to be more masculine than any other men within society are, as they were expected to lead their countries during wartime, for kings to be suspected or known to be homosexual was detrimental for their chances of reigning over their countries successfully. Nearer to the Restoration and Enlightenment eras, the Duke of Buckingham was widely believed to have become the most influential and powerful royal favourite, not to mention the chief minister via his rumoured homosexual relationship with James I. Buckingham managed to form a similarly close relationship with Charles I, who seemed oblivious to the Dukes unpopularity and incompetence. Rumours of homosexuality did not damage Buckingham as much as his ineptness, yet they did not help improve his popularity either.7For homosexual men in Restoration and Enlightenment England, their social, political, and religious animadversion if their sexual orientation becam e public knowledge was attributable to the way in which homosexuality was regarded as being tantamount to sodomy by a majority of the heterosexual population. Sodomy was deemed to be as serious a sin as heresy and witchcraft, as the definition of sodomy incorporated all sexually deviant acts.8 In earlier periods, males caught committing homosexual acts were usually trialed and punished by Church courts. The law was changed in 1534 in order for people accused of sodomy to be trialed by Crown courts. The legislation of 1534 made it even more dangerous for male homosexuals to be known as being sexually active, or even to have their orientation known. The maximum punishment for any man caught and convicted for this crime was execution. Thus making buggery a crime punishable by death, in line with the sentences for heresy and witchcraft. The only difference was that the practice of executing heretics and alleged witches had gone by the end of the Enlightenment era, whereas the carrying out of homosexual activities was pipe down a capital offence until 1861 and a crime until the 1960s9.Immediately prior to the Restoration period had been the Commonwealth, which had attempted to rigorously enforce all moral and religious set to meet with its fundamentalist Protestant ideology, including all heterosexual and homosexual sex outside of marriage. Whilst the Puritanical regime inspired by Oliver Cromwell had intended to cleanse the whole of Britain of its sins, it failed. During the Commonwealth period heterosexual adulterers as well as respectable Anglicans had to lead clandestine existences just like homosexuals and Roman Catholics had done for many decades.10 Charles IIs return from exile ushered in the era of the Restoration, which brought a relaxation of the draconian moral codes of the Commonwealth, especially in the Royal Court. Despite his own immoral behaviour, Charles II only went as far as wanting religious toleration rather than officially supporting a rel axation of moral and sexual standards of behaviour. Even had Charles wished to improve the legal position of homosexual men he would have not been prepared to face public and Parliamentary opposer to such plans.11 Whilst the Restoration may have meant a more relaxed moral attitude at the Royal Court, there was no change in the legal position of men caught performing homosexual acts.12 Concealment of homosexual identification or the protection of men in high social and religious positions was the scoop out way to stay clear of prosecution and ultimately execution.13 Living in towns and cities in general and in capital of the United Kingdom in particular improved the chances of homosexual men not being caught, and leading a more fulfilling existence.14Homosexual men to an overwhelming extent publicly appeared to fit in with the gender social function models during the Restoration and Enlightenment eras in England. As not conforming to conventional gender role models would have reve aled their identity as homosexual men, many therefore decided to cover up their true identity to avoid persecution and their own personal disgrace. Homosexual men therefore, had to perform the gender roles expected of heterosexual men, such as being husbands, fathers and acting as heads of their households. Getting married and having children was the best means of concealing homosexual identification and removing suspicions of any sexual wrongdoing or immorality. Men of all social, economic and religious status were homosexuals, yet the higher their status the more they had to lose by revealing their sexual orientation. Self-preservation was presumably a greater motivation than self-expression or self-fulfilment. Although it must have made countless numbers of homosexual men in Restoration and Enlightenment England the Reformation had belittled the hold of Christianity over society unknown to anybody at that time. The main long-term consequence of Protestantism was to increase the level of secularisation in England, although other social values reinforced prejudices towards homosexual men.15 The Enlightenment continued the process of secularisation started by the Renaissance and only delayed by the Reformation, which slowly made English social and genders values more liberal and less repressive.16 In many respects social prejudices against homosexual men outlasted the religious reasons for homosexuality being illegal in England in the first place. The fear of sodomy as an unnatural form of sexual behaviour persisted even as English society became increasingly secularised.17The interposition of homosexual men in Restoration and Enlightenment England was not the same throughout the country. London was a city in which homosexual men could attempt to be more open about their sexual orientation and worry less about fulfilling expected gender roles. As one of the biggest cities in the world, London was place in which homosexual men had an increased level of opport unities to be true to themselves, rather than outwardly conform to social and religious norms with regard to sexual conduct. Homosexual men that remained publicly unknown had to carry on living up to widespread masculine stereotypes.18 These comments have to be qualified, as although London was a cosmopolitan centre where it was possible to lead different lifestyles that differed from the Christian and heterosexual norm. London was also the part of England in which the letter of the law could be obligate most vigorously, as it was the seat of government and Courts and magistrates would not want to be seen as unable to tackle criminal and immoral activities. As individuals homosexuals may have been able to lead homosexual lives with the protection of people in high places. However, at the end of the day it still remained sensible for homosexual men to hide their orientation as the legislation that could result in their conviction and execution remained upon the statute books.19 For the majority of homosexual men in Restoration and Enlightenment England the opportunities to be readily identifiable as homosexuals were strictly limited and even when those chances were available it remained dangerous to take them. Some careers such as acting or tattle gave a few homosexual men the chance to appear less masculine in public without raising undue suspicions of their sexual orientation. The majority of homosexual men were in the situation where they had to perform the social, economic, religious, or political functions that their position at birth had put them into. The majority of social, political, religious, and economic positions in Restoration and Enlightenment meant that all men had to perform their tasks in masculine ways. 20Therefore, it could be concluded that the circumstances of the times made it very difficult for homosexual men to distinctly allow themselves to be identified as such by their contemporaries in Restoration and Enlightenment England. It has also made it harder for modern historians to qualify and measure out the number and the experiences of homosexual men during that period. As was explored and evaluated above there were various reasons for homosexual men to conceal their sexual orientation from becoming general public knowledge, and to carry out any homosexual activities in secret, if at all. The overwhelmingly Christian nature of England before, during, and after the Restoration and Enlightenment eras had a very strong upon how homosexual men had to hide their sexual preferences from English society as a whole. Before the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church had wide acceptance of its theology and opinions with regard to male homosexuality. The Roman Catholic Church had taught that all male homosexual activities should be regarded as deadly sins, which stemmed from all homosexual men having morally deviant thoughts that inevitably led to behaviour which needed to be severely punished, even to the point of execut ing homosexual men. Basically, Christian ideology was opposed to homosexuality on the grounds that it was an intolerable sin, just like heresy and witchcraft, which needed to be eradicated. The Reformation did not change the Christian perspective that male homosexuals should be punished as and when they were caught performing homosexual acts. Indeed the legislation that allowed the English Crown Courts to prosecute and execute people convicted of buggery was passed by the Reformation Parliament that enacted the break away of the English Church from the Papacy. The knowledge that being caught performing homosexual acts would result in execution meant that all men that performed such acts by and large did so in complete secrecy to avoid capital punishment. The need for self preservation meant that the vast majority of homosexual men concealed their identities to stay alive and free, with the options to carry out homosexual activities in secret, or abstain from meeting other men altoge ther. To remain successfully underground from people that might have them prosecuted the majority of homosexual men would chose not to leave written documentary evidence of their sexual activities or their feelings towards other men, as such material could easily have led to their conviction and subsequent execution. Homosexual men could have been from any social and economic background, as homosexuality seems to occur naturally within some men. After all it would hardly have been nurtured within Restoration and Enlightenment societies in England that overwhelmingly regarded homosexuality as being wrong and unnatural. Only limited numbers of homosexual men felt save enough not to hide their orientation, living in London, or having rich and powerful protectors were the factors that might allow some degree of openness.BibliographyAshley M, (2002) A brief history of British Kings Queens, Robinson, LondonBetteridge T, (2002) Sodomy in Early advanced(a) Europe, Manchester University P ress, ManchesterFernandez-Arnesto, F Wilson, D (1996) Reformation Christianity and the World 1500-2000, Bantam Press, LondonGardiner Wenborn (1995) The History Today Companion to British History, Collins and Brown Ltd, LondonLenman, (2004) Chambers Dictionary of World History, Chambers, EdinburghMacCulloch D, Reformation Europes House Divided (2004) Penguin Books, LondonSchama, S (2001) A History of Britain The British Wars 1603-1776, BBC Worldwide, London1Footnotes1 MacCulloch, 2004 p. 6202 MacCulloch, 2004 p. 6203 Betteridge, 2002 pp. 71 744 Roberts, 1996 p. 2355 MacCulloch, 2004 p. 2096 MacCulloch, 2004 p. 2097 Betteridge, 2002 p. 468 MacCulloch, 2004, p.6229 Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p.38810 Schama, 2001, p.23511 Ashley, 2002, p.32012 Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p.64613 Betteridge, 2002, pp.71-7414 MacCulloch, 2004, p.62015 Fernandez-Armesto Wilson, 1996, p.29016 Lenman, 2004, p.26417 Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p.38818 Betteridge, 2002, pp. 71-7419 MacCulloch, 2004, p.62220 Bet teridge, 2002 pp. 71-74

Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes

solar peeing hotness governance in Malayan HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 make TitleA psychoanalyze into solar wet heating organization in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions for the development of solar vigor repayable to the abundant cheer and is considered ripe(p) for harnessing cypher from the sun. This is beca lend unmatchableself solar hot urine evict represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia householdholds. single if, because of the high initial appeal of solar piddle heating clay, and easily to inst only and relatively in pricy to purchase galvanizingal urine pots, legion(predicate) Malaysia families atomic number 18 still suing electric pissing roll of tobaccos to hot their peeing clay inevitably. This research is presented the comparing of solar weewee heating outline from Malaysians mart with the electric water heater by study the initial personify, price, durability, chief(prenomin al)tenance cost and milieu dissemble for both arrangements. The most important is to compargon the big term economical benefits for both dusts.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo instruct the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with education more or less global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. solar energy is re innovativeable. solar wet estrus ashes gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electrical energy.The use of solar piss alter schema has a long account and it is unaccepted for us to exactly date the starting line uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations do good use of passive solar energy in their establishing designs. The head start inventor for solar water dope is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. Until today, solar water supply thawing System is jointly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study leave particular(prenominal) on solar wet modify System and its pros and cons. The electron orbit of study exit focus on the comparing of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact mingled with solar piddle thaw System and galvanizing water supply fume.1.7 Research methodologyThis research forget be carried out by victimisation lit redirect examination and questionn cablee. literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and to a fault to compare the cost of deed, price, durability, support cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnai re pass on be carried out to investigate the popularity of solar water weed in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can bring on an an other(prenominal) choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 - belles-lettres review deposit the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and by dint of internet to carry. Compare the cost of carrying into action, price, durability, criminal maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research systemology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every bug outy that involves in this area of s tudy. Questionnaire leave be apportiond to pertinent parties for incline dorsum and leave behind be set in an easy to answer manner to win response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result lead be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This go forth reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature roundThe information of the second source depart be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the relevant literature on solar Water heat energy System. For better understanding, somewhat aspects such as the method of installation for solar Water modify System, the attribute of solar Water hotness System will likewise included. TARC library and national library is the best agency to get all the relevant information. in like manner that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The o nline resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysis afterwards the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the respondents favor water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the depart of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a content of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or superhuman due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. similarly that, it has gone do many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water dope, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a sable painted water army tank mounted in an insulated lash with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertizement for the Climax Solar Water grassYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began se lling a new system Solar Water hummer named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar accumulator and a separate storage tank mounted higher up the gatherer. Year 1913, a freak shivery snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water sens collectors froze and burst. To terminate future bigheartedzing problem, Bailey installed a handbuild of pipe within the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. wherefore he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed- interlace Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following revelatory statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White signaling roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater groundwork me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an exercise of a road non taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting impale ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating System integrity of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to clutch energy from sun and use it. Solar Water heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It fundamentally consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water essential pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating syst em such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and dense conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active systems have a pump paltry the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems depone on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water storage tank must(prenominal)iness therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to report water, or other heat- conveying fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat off fluid is wield through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected nominal temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop courses into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drain back systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the pipe up always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do non have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to course circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are loosely more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- faith tank and collector into one unit. These syst ems are simple and sound (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water involve due to high heat loss at night. The main delimitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be touched in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and water-cooled water feasts down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an inves tment that will render our money for the coming twelvemonths and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is 4 times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.Solar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in ho me, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a push-down stack of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on years when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, toll of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water Heater before purchas ing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the variant blackguards and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a derivative instrument controller, several sensors, a pump, and various valves. tonicity 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to governing body to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to grab the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips. shout 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat papal bull flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line. beat 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, separation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, slim down and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector renovation Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will a ccommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place breakup on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system surgical operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It whole shebang with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling wrong / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial make up (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 year achievement Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70 total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2 slacken 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* interpretation is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact a nd their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heat ing system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 old age x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the controversySolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 years/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109 .67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of change magnitude electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars bef riend Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the mathematical function of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar impatient Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress Report assess to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009 prolong TitleFinalise proposal of marriage1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 2 6, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been through with(p) on time according to the proposed work progress take away Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is rewrite proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work document due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from provider so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printe d out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes gnarledDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to follow up requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.Solar Wa ter Heating System in Malaysian HomesSolar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Project TitleA study into solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions for the development of solar energy due to the abundant sunshine and is considered good for harnessing energy from the sun. This is because solar hot water can represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia households. But, because of the high initial cost of solar water heating system, and easily to install and relatively inexpensive to purchase electric water heaters, many Malaysia families are still suing electric water heaters to hot their water needs. This research is presented the comparing of solar water heating system from Malaysians market with the electric water heater by study the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for both systems. The most important is to compare the long term economical bene fits for both systems.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo determine the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with information about global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. Solar energy is renewable. Solar Water Heating System gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electricity.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a long history and it is impossible for us to exactly date the first uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for Solar Water Heater is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. U ntil today, Solar Water Heating System is commonly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study will specific on Solar Water Heating System and its pros and cons. The scope of study will focus on the comparison of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heater.1.7 Research MethodologyThis research will be carried out by using literature review and questionnaire. Literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and also to compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnaire will be carried out to investigate the popularity of Solar Water Heater in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can have some ot her choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 -Literature reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and through internet to support. Compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire will be distributed to relevant parties for feedback and will be set in an easy to answer manner to encourage response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result will be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This will reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature ReviewThe information of the second source will be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the relevant literature on Solar Water Heating System. For better understanding, some aspects such as the method of installation for Solar Water Heating System, the type of Solar Water Heating System will also included. TARC library and national library is the best way to get all the relevant information. Besides that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysisAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the re spondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the achievement of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. Other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a subject of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. Besides that, it has gone through many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans ci vilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water Heater, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a black painted water tank mounted in an insulated box with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertisement for the Climax Solar Water HeaterYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began selling a new system Solar Water Heater named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar collector and a separate storage tank mounted above the collector. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water Heater collectors froze and burst. To terminate future freezing problem, Bailey installed a coil of pipe with in the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. Then he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed-loop Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White House roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater behind me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. Solar Water Heater collects and converts sola r radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water demand pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and cloudy conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active sys tems have a pump moving the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems rely on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water storage tank must therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop drains into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drainback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the piping always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water needs due to high heat loss at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be connected in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water flows down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming years and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is four times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.So lar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on days when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, Cost of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the various steps and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pump, and various valves.Step 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips.Step 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat copper flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line.Step 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fi ttings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It works with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling Price / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial Cost (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 yearOperation Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70Total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392 .50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2Table 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofele ctricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 days/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars Second Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar Hot Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress ReportTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009 Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time according to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initi al cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.

The Effects of Caribbean Colonization on the Family: Through the Eyes o

The effects of colonization on the family of Caribbean people, as described by various 20th century Caribbean woman writers, are as complicated as they are vast. These authors show that families continue to struggle with separation, poverty, and cultural identity issues that create extra banausic difficulties for the families who live on these post-colonial islands. It crapper be argued that all families have struggles, both internal and external, and while this is undoubtedly true, the struggles thatthe families described in these novels endure have a direct connection to their colonized past and the influences of the colonizer, still felt by the countries colonized and their people. The abolition of slavery in these islands did not eliminate the special problems that the originator slaves, now inhabitants, would inherit, nor did it eliminate the effects or consequences that these issues would create for the family.One of the most prevalent concerns for these families is that o f separation, both literally and emotionally, due to differences in the family members interpretation and acceptance of their give birthcultural identity. We can see literal family separation in Jamaica Kincaids Annie John, through both the emigration of Annies mother, from the Dominican to Antigua, to Annies eventual immigration to England. These literal separations of family are derived from sparing and educational reasons.Annie John leaves Antigua, and her family, at the age of sixteen to pursue a continued education that she can not find in her own country. We can see the emotional toll this has on Annie as she describes her conflicted feelings on her departure My mother and my father... ...mer colonizer. The authors of these novels show us a glimpse of what it was and is like growing up and living in a post-colonial country. Their mouths have been the mouth of misfortunes which have no mouth.Works CitedCesaire, Aime. Xcesaire. Instructional Web Server -. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. Danticat, Edwidge. Krik? Krak saucily York Vintage, 1996. Print. Edgell, Zee. Beka Lamb. London Heinemann, 1982. Print. Estimates, By Some. Haiti Earthquake Six Months Later Where Do Things Stand? - ABC News. ABCNews.com - ABCNews.com Breaking News, Vote 2010 Elections, Politics, World News,Good Morning America, Exclusive Interviews - ABC News. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. Kincaid, Jamaica. Annie John. New York Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1985. Print. Marshall, Paule. Praisesong for the Widow. New York Plume, 1983. Print.

The Role of Marlowes Excessive Drinking :: essays research papers

The Role of Marlowes Excessive DrinkingThroughout the book The Big Sleep the character Marlowe is a detective working in Criminal Justice. This job seems to deal about a lot of stress to Marlowe, and in order to cope he turns to drinking which relaxes him. Although he is an alcoholic he still is able to run away and get his investigations done. He is a functional alcoholic who abuses alcohol constantly and has a great desire for it for various rationalnesss. Some of the reasons that may be now linked to Marlowes abuse of alcohol boredom, psychological and or physical dependence and sometimes he drinks casually and socially. But job- related stress is the main reason Marlowe turns to alcohol because there are times he is able to drink on the job, drinking helps him relax and cope with his job-related stress, and alcohol is the agent that helps him deal with those problems. genius of the reasons that may cause Marlowe to turn to alcohol is his job. His job as an investigator somet imes turns stressful and alcohol helps him relax and get his mind off the job. traffic with people and criminals constantly through out the day on the job can be stressful. Besides the fact that he must deal with Carmens craziness, as the author describes her to be. Marlowe at one moment states I went to bed full of whiskey and frustration. This shows us that he drinks to help deal with the frustration he goes through and whiskey helps him.Often times Marlowe drinks while working. Usually when socializing with someone. In a conversation with Eddie Mars Marlowe says I made myself a drink and was drinking it when the phone rang. In another situation while talking to Carmen he mentioned that he is going to go mix himself a drink and offers her one as well. After give tongue to yes, Carmen and Marlowe drink together. This is all taking place while Marlowe is on the job, again drinking to get his mind off of other things and relax. This shows that Marlowe is not just a social or casua l drinker, he is an alcoholic and has some form of dependency to alcohol, not to mention a great tolerance as well. Marlowe recognizes this and drinks in front of people, with people while along, and he mentioned he doesnt care if anyone knows. When people are vulnerable Marlowe offers drinks and in most situations finds himself a drinking partner.