Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes

solar peeing hotness governance in Malayan HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 make TitleA psychoanalyze into solar wet heating organization in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions for the development of solar vigor repayable to the abundant cheer and is considered ripe(p) for harnessing cypher from the sun. This is beca lend unmatchableself solar hot urine evict represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia householdholds. single if, because of the high initial appeal of solar piddle heating clay, and easily to inst only and relatively in pricy to purchase galvanizingal urine pots, legion(predicate) Malaysia families atomic number 18 still suing electric pissing roll of tobaccos to hot their peeing clay inevitably. This research is presented the comparing of solar weewee heating outline from Malaysians mart with the electric water heater by study the initial personify, price, durability, chief(prenomin al)tenance cost and milieu dissemble for both arrangements. The most important is to compargon the big term economical benefits for both dusts.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo instruct the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with education more or less global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. solar energy is re innovativeable. solar wet estrus ashes gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electrical energy.The use of solar piss alter schema has a long account and it is unaccepted for us to exactly date the starting line uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations do good use of passive solar energy in their establishing designs. The head start inventor for solar water dope is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. Until today, solar water supply thawing System is jointly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study leave particular(prenominal) on solar wet modify System and its pros and cons. The electron orbit of study exit focus on the comparing of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact mingled with solar piddle thaw System and galvanizing water supply fume.1.7 Research methodologyThis research forget be carried out by victimisation lit redirect examination and questionn cablee. literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and to a fault to compare the cost of deed, price, durability, support cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnai re pass on be carried out to investigate the popularity of solar water weed in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can bring on an an other(prenominal) choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 - belles-lettres review deposit the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and by dint of internet to carry. Compare the cost of carrying into action, price, durability, criminal maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research systemology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every bug outy that involves in this area of s tudy. Questionnaire leave be apportiond to pertinent parties for incline dorsum and leave behind be set in an easy to answer manner to win response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result lead be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This go forth reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature roundThe information of the second source depart be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the relevant literature on solar Water heat energy System. For better understanding, somewhat aspects such as the method of installation for solar Water modify System, the attribute of solar Water hotness System will likewise included. TARC library and national library is the best agency to get all the relevant information. in like manner that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The o nline resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysis afterwards the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the respondents favor water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the depart of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a content of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or superhuman due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. similarly that, it has gone do many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water dope, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a sable painted water army tank mounted in an insulated lash with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertizement for the Climax Solar Water grassYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began se lling a new system Solar Water hummer named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar accumulator and a separate storage tank mounted higher up the gatherer. Year 1913, a freak shivery snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water sens collectors froze and burst. To terminate future bigheartedzing problem, Bailey installed a handbuild of pipe within the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. wherefore he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed- interlace Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following revelatory statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White signaling roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater groundwork me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an exercise of a road non taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting impale ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating System integrity of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to clutch energy from sun and use it. Solar Water heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It fundamentally consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water essential pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating syst em such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and dense conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active systems have a pump paltry the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems depone on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water storage tank must(prenominal)iness therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to report water, or other heat- conveying fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat off fluid is wield through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected nominal temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop courses into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drain back systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the pipe up always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do non have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to course circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are loosely more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- faith tank and collector into one unit. These syst ems are simple and sound (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water involve due to high heat loss at night. The main delimitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be touched in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and water-cooled water feasts down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an inves tment that will render our money for the coming twelvemonths and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is 4 times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.Solar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in ho me, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a push-down stack of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on years when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, toll of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water Heater before purchas ing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the variant blackguards and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a derivative instrument controller, several sensors, a pump, and various valves. tonicity 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to governing body to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to grab the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips. shout 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat papal bull flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line. beat 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, separation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, slim down and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector renovation Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will a ccommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place breakup on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system surgical operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It whole shebang with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling wrong / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial make up (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 year achievement Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70 total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2 slacken 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* interpretation is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact a nd their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heat ing system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 old age x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the controversySolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 years/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109 .67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of change magnitude electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars bef riend Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the mathematical function of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar impatient Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress Report assess to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009 prolong TitleFinalise proposal of marriage1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 2 6, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been through with(p) on time according to the proposed work progress take away Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is rewrite proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work document due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from provider so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printe d out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes gnarledDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to follow up requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.Solar Wa ter Heating System in Malaysian HomesSolar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Project TitleA study into solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions for the development of solar energy due to the abundant sunshine and is considered good for harnessing energy from the sun. This is because solar hot water can represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia households. But, because of the high initial cost of solar water heating system, and easily to install and relatively inexpensive to purchase electric water heaters, many Malaysia families are still suing electric water heaters to hot their water needs. This research is presented the comparing of solar water heating system from Malaysians market with the electric water heater by study the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for both systems. The most important is to compare the long term economical bene fits for both systems.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo determine the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with information about global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. Solar energy is renewable. Solar Water Heating System gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electricity.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a long history and it is impossible for us to exactly date the first uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for Solar Water Heater is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. U ntil today, Solar Water Heating System is commonly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study will specific on Solar Water Heating System and its pros and cons. The scope of study will focus on the comparison of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heater.1.7 Research MethodologyThis research will be carried out by using literature review and questionnaire. Literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and also to compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnaire will be carried out to investigate the popularity of Solar Water Heater in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can have some ot her choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 -Literature reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and through internet to support. Compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire will be distributed to relevant parties for feedback and will be set in an easy to answer manner to encourage response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result will be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This will reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature ReviewThe information of the second source will be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the relevant literature on Solar Water Heating System. For better understanding, some aspects such as the method of installation for Solar Water Heating System, the type of Solar Water Heating System will also included. TARC library and national library is the best way to get all the relevant information. Besides that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysisAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the re spondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the achievement of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. Other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a subject of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. Besides that, it has gone through many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans ci vilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water Heater, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a black painted water tank mounted in an insulated box with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertisement for the Climax Solar Water HeaterYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began selling a new system Solar Water Heater named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar collector and a separate storage tank mounted above the collector. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water Heater collectors froze and burst. To terminate future freezing problem, Bailey installed a coil of pipe with in the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. Then he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed-loop Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White House roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater behind me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. Solar Water Heater collects and converts sola r radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water demand pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and cloudy conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active sys tems have a pump moving the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems rely on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water storage tank must therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop drains into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drainback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the piping always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water needs due to high heat loss at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be connected in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water flows down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming years and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is four times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.So lar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on days when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, Cost of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the various steps and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pump, and various valves.Step 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips.Step 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat copper flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line.Step 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fi ttings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It works with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling Price / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial Cost (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 yearOperation Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70Total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392 .50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2Table 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofele ctricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 days/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars Second Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar Hot Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress ReportTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009 Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time according to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initi al cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.