Article Summary Effect Of Violent Video Games On Youth...

Article Summary: Effect of Violent Video Games on Youth Aggression Beth L. Lynch APUS October 8, 2014 Abstract For many years researchers, parents, and policy makers have been debating the effect of video game violence on levels of youth aggression. In effect, the arguments have been centered on whether or not exposure to violent media has the power to potentiate violence in children, and whether or not this social influence has the ability, barring all other factors, to engender violent behavior in an otherwise healthy child. Unfortunately, much of the research dedicated to this topic has resulted in mixed outcomes. Therefore, a general consensus on the relative influence of exposure to interactive media, in the form of violent video games, and its association with aggressive behavior has yet to be determined. For instance, Anderson, Sakamoto, Gentile et al. (2008) contend that increased levels of aggression associated with playing violent video games have not only been shown as causal in large segments of the population, they also contend that these correlations are irrefutable. Conve rsely, others have concluded that any associations made between video game violence and youth aggression are weak at best, and contend that any correlation between the two will only affect adolescents who may already be predisposed to violent behavior (Ferguson, 2011). Due to inconsistencies in the available research on violent video games and player aggression, andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Violent Video Games Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages Since violent video games, like Mortal Kombat, were created, adolescents who play these games become more aggressive than before. To me, playing violent video games is unsafe for these people since they have the negative influence on these people. I believe that researching on that topic would help us get the sense of what problems to avoid. I wish to know what are the possible effects of violent video games on adolescents’ aggression. The independent variable is violent video games, and theRead MoreViolence Portrayed By The Me dia Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of Literature An overview of the literature discusses the influence media portrays on adolescents. Some propose that the authors are projecting that the youth are negatively effected by the media. Others, however, believe that violence portrayed by the media does not have any real long-term effects on the well being on youths. The three articles selected consider their evidence for this controversial subject. According to Anderson, the discussion on whether or not media has a negativeRead MoreViolence of Video Games Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pageseither kill you, or become very harmful to your well being if you consume too much of it. We could certainly compare the â€Å"overconsumption† of video games with violence to the above with added danger. The fact that video games are addictive as can be seen by anyone with experience of playing or the people in our lives who fell under the spell of video games. Obviously, they get absorbed and obsessed over the virtual world and sometimes forge t their responsibilities and obligations. The virtual worldRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Youth s Social And Communal Activities1231 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiment to examine the effect of video games on youth’s social and communal activities. The results showed that the youth that have ever played some social video games had more social and political capability than people who never played social video games. Among young gamers, 63% people have heard or seen â€Å"people becoming mean and more aggressive while playing violent games†, 49% people have heard or seen â€Å"people becoming hateful, racist and violent while playing violent games† and more people, 78%Read MoreProtecting Children from Television Violence Essays1405 Words   |  6 PagesSummary #1 Television violence, and media violence in general, has been a controversial topic for several years. The argument is whether young children are brainwashed into committing violent real-world crimes because of violent and pugnacious behavior exposed in mass media. In his article â€Å"No Real Evidence for TV Violence Causing Real Violence†, Jonathan Freedman, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and author of â€Å"Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the ScientificRead MoreNegative Effects Of Violent Video Games1045 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Violent video games in particular are extremely popular in the United States. Many of these games are designed for adults but wind up in the hands of children. We have to ask ourselves what impact violent video games have on the adolescent brain. Two lawyers debate in the Case of Brown vs. Entertainment Merchants Association, US Supreme Court (2010). Prosecutor Steven F. Gruel argues that there is a substantial amount of evidence to make the conclusion that violent video games cause adolescentsRead MoreAre Violent Video Games Are Harmful To Children And Adolescents?1729 Words   |  7 PagesTaking Sides: Violent Video Games There has been a long-standing debate that violent video games are harmful to the rising generations. The article that was selected to be critiqued is, â€Å"Are Violent Video Games Harmful to Children and Adolescents?†. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and critique the research methods and conclusions included by the author of the article. Summary Author, Steven F. Gruel, argues that there is an overwhelming amount of science and research that supports theRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography - 5905 Words   |  4 PagesRosalyn De Leon Annotated Bibliography Gentile, Douglas A. et al (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Retrieved October 4, 2010, from pdfcast.org: http://pdfcast.org/pdf/the-effects-of-violent-video-game-habits-on-adolescent-hostility-aggressive-behaviors-and-school-performance Dr Douglas A. Gentile is a researcher who studies the effects of media on children and adults, may it be positive or negative. He has a MediaRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1203 Words   |  5 PagesAre violent video games directly correlated to teen violence? This is the burning question many researchers are dedicated to answering. The common form of the question is â€Å"Is the increase in violence in games creating killer kids?† The simple answer is no. Instead the opposite has occurred, as games became more violent, the players became calmer. The games create a â€Å"safe† outlet for any anger or angst that young people possess. Crime rates in the teen population have lowered and violent teens admitRead MoreThe Effects Of Computer Games On Society3332 Words   |  14 Pagesviolence in computer games has a direct link to violence in the society. It starts by looking into the definition of a violence and the type of violence that are common in our society t oday. The essay looks into the prevalence of and exposure to computer games in the modern society. It went further to investigate the impacts of computer games as an entertaining and recreational medium. In order to do justice to the aforementioned controversy between violence in computer games and violence in the society

The Classical Economists and Keynes the Debate on...

The activist-nonactivist discussion, and the role the government should play in forming economic policy, has been a long running debate among. It is common thought today, in the general populous, that the burden of unemployment and inflation should fall on the government, and that the government should play an active role in combating such economic stresses. However, there are those who believe government intervention should be avoided. This controversy first became popularized over 50 years ago with the famous economist John Maynard Keynes, and the classical economists of his time, whose economic foundations lay in Alfred Marshall’s seminal work, the Principles of Economic. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the classical†¦show more content†¦Then in 1936 John Maynard Keynes wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, sharply criticizing classical economics. Interestingly enough Say’s Law is often known by the concept â€Å"that sup ply creates its own demand,† a formulation of Say’s Law interpreted by Keynes. Keynes strictly renounced this doctrine and was of the belief that business relied on expected demand to make their production decisions. He thought that the more that households expected to spend, the more business will expect to sell. Therefore, supply responds to demand, it does not create it. The Keynesian model looked towards the concept of equilibrium output, with stable prices and stable output, where total spending = total output, and total investment = total savings. Like the classical economists Keynes believed that a market economy would tend toward equilibrium, but he did not believe, as the classicals did, that the economy reached equilibrium with full employment. He believed that unemployment equilibrium could exist when the economy was at less than full employment. Keynes believed that the classical economists were to optimistic. Keynes believed that when households want to save more than buisnesses want to invest the level of production and employment in the economy will fall short. Another aspect in which Keynes disagreed about full employment was the classical economist’s views on flexible wages and prices. He thought that marketsShow MoreRelatedKeynes and the Classical Economists6500 Words   |  26 PagesKeynes and the Classical Economists: The Early Debate on Policy Activism LEAR N I NG OBJ ECTIVE S 1. Discuss why the classical economists believed that a market economy would automatically tend toward full employment. 2. Explain why Keynes rejected the views of the classical economists. 3. Compare the views of Keynes and the classical economists with regard to the proper role of government. s you discovered in Chapter 10, unemployment and inflation impose costs on our society. Today, many AmericansRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistorical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and ExpandedRead MoreEurope Economic Crisis55278 Words   |  222 Pagescomplemented by strategic investments and measures to shore up business and labour markets. The overall fiscal stimulus, including the effects of automatic stabilisers, amounts to 5% of GDP in the EU. According to the Commission s analysis, unless policies take up the new challenges, potential GDP in the EU could fall to a permanently lower trajectory, due to several factors. First, protracted spells of unemployment in the workforce tend to lead to a permanent loss of skills. Second, the stock of equipment

Lay Judges and Labor Courts

Question: A. Critically discuss the role of magistrates as lay people in the legal system and whether this role is best served by lay majistrates or professional judges hearing cases in magistrates' courts. B. In the Review of the criminal courts of England and Wales (2001) Lord Justice Auld described the jury as a "hallowed institution which, because of its ancient origin and involvement of 12 randomly selected lay people in the criminal process, commands much public confidence". In light of this statement, critically assess whether or not public confidence in the current jury system is currently misplaced. C. Critically discuss, by reference to case law, how English courts decide when it is necessary to refer a point of European Law to the Court of Justice of the European Union for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Answer: The Role of Magistrates as Lay People in the Legal System: Lay Magistrates are sometimes referred to as Justices of the Peace. Lay Magistrates are ordinary people having no legal qualifications and have the authority of making decisions in the Court of the Magistrate (Roberts et al. 2012). This concept was originated in the 12th century when the first office for the Justices of the Peace was appointed (Flory 2015). It has been recently noted that more than 29, 000 people are sitting as part time magistrates in the United Kingdom (Malsch 2016). Lay Magistrates have different role to play in the Court of Magistrates such as dealing with civil and criminal matter, participating in criminal hearings and hearing for appeals (Machura 2016). This section of the answer deals with the role of lay magistrates in a Magistrates Court. Criminal Cases: More than 90 percent of the cases that are heard in the court of a Magistrate are criminal. Almost all the criminal cases originate in a Magistrates Court and finish there. Only the most serious criminal offences are handed to the Crown Court for punishing the perpetrator for sentence until death or for full trial with the jury and the Judge (Ivkovic 2015). Magistrates deal with offences that are less serious in nature such as motor offences, petty theft and minute criminal damage (Reichel and Suzuki 2015). Where a defendant pleads not guilty, a trial is held where the Magistrates examine the evidence and then decide the matter on the facts and presented by the defence and the prosecution (Donoghue 2014). If lay Magistrates find any person guilty, or where a person pleads against the allegation, the lay Magistrates use a very structured decision making process and decide the case accordingly (Burgess, Corby and Latreille 2013). Civil Cases: Around three percentages of the cases that are heard in the Magistrates Court are civil. The types of civil cases that are held in the court of Magistrates are enforcing of debts and non-payment of licenses (Roberts et al. 2012). In the year 2012, more than one in every 10 criminal prosecutions was for enforcement of debt of BBC license fee. The number of prosecutions for evasion increased from 164,412 in the year 2010 to 181,000 in the year 2012 (Roberts et al. 2012). Youth Court: For hearing and deciding issues in the Youth Court special trained lay magistrates, above the age of 60 years are appointed. In criminal cases in which a juvenile is involved, the case is dealt with a higher court (Flory 2015). Offences involving juveniles requiring addressing the need of young offenders, young defendants should be accompanied by an adult who is responsible in nature. In such cases, presence of a lay Magistrate is necessary. Lay Magistrates have the responsibility to screen and assess the evidence and decide the case based on the facts and evidence that is presented before him (Malsch 2016). Appeals from the Refusal of a local authority to grant licenses: An appeal is to make a serious request that is typically to a magistrate in a magistrates Court. The local authority rejects grant of certain licenses and an appeal is made in the Court of Magistrate to reconsider the application of a license (Machura 2016). Lay Magistrates have the authority of understanding the reason of rejection of licenses and if in the opinion of the Magistrates the rejection of an application is justified then the appeal shall not be granted. However, if the Magistrate thinks that the application is justified and not opposed to any public policy then the appeal may be granted (Ivkovic 2015). Lay Magistrates v. Professional Judges: Lay Magistrates are normal people without any legal qualification, hired by the state to make decisions in the court of Magistrate. Whereas, professional judges are people who are experts in the field of law having a qualified legal degree and they are hired specifically for dealing with matters relating to legal issue in question (Reichel and Suzuki 2015). This section of the answer deals with the role of lay magistrates as against the role of professional judges, and whether the role of lay magistrates is justified or not. One of the advantages of using a lay magistrate over the professional judge is that they consider moral values and ethical issues into question rather than just taking into consideration the legal issues. Lay Magistrates have less likelihood of being influenced by state unlike the professional judges (Donoghue 2014). Since they have no legal qualification, they make choices and opinions having a moral background rather than law. To qualify as a lay magistrate, a person should either live or work in the local court in which they take decisions. This means that they have fair knowledge about the community for which and in which they make decisions. Additionally, the advantage of using lay magistrates is that they are cheaper and often cost less than professional judges cost (Burgess, Corby and Latreille 2013). Professional Judges are people who have legal qualifications hence; they are costly and expensive in nature. However, it is not advisable to refer a case to a lay magistrate espe cially when there is legal issue in question. Since lay magistrates are people who do not have legal qualification, they may not be able to decide a case efficiently where the issue in a given case relates only with legality in the law. In such cases, professional judges should be opted for (Flory 2015). Professional judges are people, who before coming Judges have been either a solicitor or a barrister for at least 5 years. Hence, it may be said that professional judges are more efficient and capable as they have better knowledge of the law and are able to base their decision on the true law rather than factual law. Lay Magistrates generally remain ignorant about the law and fail to see decide issues that are pertaining to legal issue (Malsch 2016). Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be stated that there are both advantages as well as disadvantages of using lay magistrates over professional judges. Opinions differ from person to person and the methods that is used to decide a case also differs. Ideally, in many cases people prefer using lay magistrates to professional judges as they speak in favour of the local people and community whereas professional judges make decisions that are based on law. B: The jury system was called the jewel of in the Crown or the corner stone of the British criminal justice system (Flory 2015). According to Auld, the jury is regarded as a hallowed institution that because of its ancient origin and involvement of 12 randomly selected lay people in the criminal process, commands much public confidence (Kim et al. 2013). The English and the Welsh Jury system is one of the most long established legal methods in the English legal system. However, recently, the jury system has come under much criticism and improvement (Saltzburg 2014). It has been argued in many reports that whether or not the system shall still exist as part of the legal system. This essay deals with how confidence is achieved through jurys involvement in the community to attain justice and the partnership that comes into existence between the Judge and the Jury (Rodriguez 2014). The history of the belief that a person has the right to a trial came into existence before the issuance of the Magna Carta in 1215 (Sklansky 2013). The Magna Carta was the document that stated the basic constitutional rights. In England a reference of the Jury type can be seen at Wantage by Aethelred in which 12 laymen were to decide a case and hold person either guilty or not guilty (Lempert 2015). However, the system gradually changed in the form of a formal jury trial. The establishment of the Human Rights Act, 1998, gave people a belief that they have the right to claim a jury trial. However, the Act did not give claim to such a right (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). Despite the lack of a real constitution, it made the people belief that they can claim the jury trial as a right and that created confidence in the public for the jury system. Thus, at the time when the jury system came into existence, people had confidence in the system and they relied on the methods adopted by th e Jury system (Jimeno-Bulnes and Hans 2016). The legal system in England and Wales was a combination of judge and jury. The Judge would deal with law and the jury would make decision based on facts and evidences in the case. The Judge and the Jury followed a decision making process that was fair and reasonable (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). The common people believed that not only the legal issue in question was decided appropriately but also the moral and ethical issues were addressed. This increased public confidence of the people in the system of Jury, thus making the Jury very popular (Jimeno-Bulnes and Hans 2016). Additionally, the jury system also became famous as the people thought that it was important to consider a dispute not only from the legal perspective but also from a perspective of a layman thoughts. This, according to the people, was the best system of deciding any dispute in question (Flory 2015). There is evidence to suggest that jury service was considered as part of the national individuality and that th e participation was considered as privileged. Lord Justice Auld was the firm believer of the jury system. The Home Office published a report and it suggested that more than 95 percent of jurors interviewed regarded the jury as a very essential part of the justice system. There was an optimistic influence on the connection between the jury and the judge (Kim et al. 2013). However, with the passage of time, the public confidence seemed to be misplaced the reason behind this is that the jury system lacked proper knowledge and qualification in the field of law and this often led to faulty judgement coming into existence (Saltzburg 2014). There were many reported cases in England in which the jury system failed to consider the issue of law in question and were influenced by politics and media (Rodriguez 2014). This resulted in jury bias. In the case of R. v. Abdroikov, Lord Woolf held that there are many biases that jurors have. The biases may be in relation to class, habits, occupation and characteristics. Article six of the European Convention of Human Rights needs the trial to be impartial and without any discrimination however, it becomes difficult to avoid bias in a group of 12 people especially if media bias the opinion (Sklansky 2013). Juries are often blamed for injustices or miscarriage of justice. It is a known fact that juries are responsible f or miscarriages of justice especially at a time when they give bad decision. In the R v. Clark and R v. Cannings, the Judge held that Juries are as good as the material presented before them (Lempert 2015). Despite the fact that only one percent of criminal case is concluded in the Crown Court of Trial, the jury system is mostly seen as a cornerstone of the criminal legal system. For many people it is a symbolic representation of the time honoured right to be tried by aristocrats, while at the same time encouraging citizenship and social accountability. However, reform in the trial judge should be made and guidelines can help in the reduction of any confusion in the jury process. It is therefore advisable that the system is revised and the existing ethnic or racial prejudice is eliminated (Hoppe, Perrone and Nelson 2013). The research of the MOJ have evidenced that juries are efficient and that they reach a more efficient verdict more than 98 percent of the total cases that are decided (Lempert 2015). Additionally, it must also be remembered that the verdict is an outcome of combination of jury and the judge. Therefore, it is wrong to conclude that the public confidence in the jury syst em is misplaced. References: Burgess, P.W., Corby, S. and Latreille, P.L., 2013. Lay judges and labor courts: a question of legitimacy. Donoghue, J.C., 2014. Reforming the role of magistrates: Implications for summary justice in England and Wales.The Modern Law Review,77(6), pp.928-963. Flory, T., 2015.Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 18081871: Social Control and Political Stability in the New State(Vol. 53). University of Texas Press. Flory, T., 2015.Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 18081871: Social Control and Political Stability in the New State(Vol. 53). University of Texas Press. Hoppe, J., Perrone, J. and Nelson, L.S., 2013. Being judge and jury: a new skill for emergency physicians.Annals of emergency medicine,62(4), pp.290-292. Ivkovic, S.K., 2015. Ears of the deaf: the theory and reality of lay judges in mixed tribunals.Chi.-Kent L. Rev.,90, p.1031. Jimeno-Bulnes, M. and Hans, V.P., 2016. Legal interpreter for the jury: the role of the Clerk of the Court in Spain.Oati Socio-Legal Series,6(2). Kim, S., Park, J., Park, K. and Eom, J.S., 2013. Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Jury Agreement in Criminal Cases: The First Three Years of the Korean Jury System.Journal of Empirical Legal Studies,10(1), pp.35-53. Lempert, R., 2015. The American jury system: A synthetic overview.Chicago-Kent Law Review, Forthcoming. Machura, S., 2016. Civil Justice: Lay Judges in the EU Countries.Oati Socio-Legal Series,6(2). Malsch, M., 2016.Democracy in the courts: lay participation in European criminal justice systems. Routledge. Reichel, P.L. and Suzuki, Y.E., 2015. Japans Lay Judge System A Summary of Its Development, Evaluation, and Current Status.International Criminal Justice Review,25(3), pp.247-262. Roberts, J., Hough, M., Jackson, J. and Gerber, M.M., 2012. Public Opinion Towards the Lay Magistracy and the Sentencing Council Guidelines The Effects of Information on Attitudes.British Journal of Criminology,52(6), pp.1072-1091. Rodriguez, U.D.J.X., 2014. The Decline of Civil Jury Trials: A Positive Development, Myth, or the End of Justice as We Now Know It?.St. Mary's LJ,45, pp.333-749. Saltzburg, S.A., 2014. Inconsistent Jury Verdicts.GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper, (2014-62), p.29. Sklansky, D.A., 2013. Evidentiary Instructions and the Jury as Other.Stanford Law Review,65.

The Tale of Genji free essay sample

GenJi Paper Cultural structures are often very complex and unique guidelines that vary across the globe. These cultural aspects provide a prominent background into the lives of each society respectfully, as seen often throughout the historic piece of literature, The Tale of GenJi. Three crucial aspects depicted in the novels progression are the role of women, Buddhism, and the political configuration, each containing positive and negative attributes prevalent in the tale. China was a powerful nation at the time, and during this age, these three societal concepts were important, yet ontroversial at times. These concepts can all be related directly back to the central character, GenJi, along with the other vital people who, not surprisingly, have a connection in some way to GenJi. The author, Murasaki Shikibu, strives, and successfully achieves in the unravelling of these three topics, and their roles in the story. Almost immediately the reader discovers foreshadowing which shows that women will especially play a large role in the life of GenJi. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tale of Genji or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page GenJi is referred to as a beautiful son, Jewel beyond compare (4), which demonstrates how highly GenJi was portrayed rom an early age, and shows that if GenJi was considered a fine man at this age, once GenJi developed and his life progressed, women would figure prominently in his life. The beauty of GenJi never really vanishes, as he has good looks throughout his entire life and as a result, never really has issues meeting women and having intimate relationships with them. GenJi is not content to settle for Just one woman, as he always searches for multiple women to satisfy different needs, each of who possesses their own unique qualities qualities he cannot find in other women. Since GenJi always strives for multiple partners, each woman throughout the tale plays a different role, and impacts GenJis life and the story in a completely different way. For example, Aoi is the daughter of the Minister to the Left, and is arranged to be married to GenJi. This relationship carries no real aspect of love on the part of GenJi, as he often neglects Aoi and goes off to be with other women. Only when she becomes pregnant and ill does GenJi become a real part of her life, spending time with her, caring for her, with the hope of coming close to her, which in turn Just hows the negative aspect of GenJis personality. Aoi appears to serve no legitimate purpose in GenJis, since she is neglected until much later. GenJi displays no signs of affection until Aoi becomes pregnant and sick, which shows that once she is at her weak and desperate state, GenJi only then shows compassion for her. This could be a sign of guilt on GenJis. Another woman, simply known as Evening Faces, also fills a female role, though it is significantly different from Aois. GenJi becomes much more intimate with this woman, although Evening Faces gives Offa very mysterious feeling. GenJi notices her commodity that is Evening Faces. The forbidden aspect makes this relationship much more unique, as Evening Faces plays the societal role of a commoner, keeping their relationship hidden to prevent scandals and shame from entering GenJis life. Evening Faces however, mysteriously dies after their intimate encounter, leading GenJi down a path of struggling and questioning the circumstances surrounding her death. Evening Faces seems to represent that mysterious, yet forbidden woman that GenJi almost lusted for, and she seems to definitely have mental power over GenJi, an lmost spiritual state. GenJi is entranced with her amazing beauty, and the fact her death impacts him emotionally shows that GenJi felt very differently about her than other women. Finally, GenJis relationship with Murasaki, a young girl who GenJi takes into his life and acts as a father figure, is unique to say the least. He attempts to mould her much like a doll into a woman who would possess all the qualities GenJi strived for in a woman. He grows to love her, but then begins to fall in love with her, which impedes their relationship. Murasaki often doesnt wish to see GenJi or speak to him, o their relationship is troubled at times, but also quite strong and passionate. GenJi wants her in the role of the perfect woman, but Murasaki hopes for different things. Murasaki is envisioned by GenJi to be the ideal women, so evidently GenJi wants her to be an intrinsic part of his life, and therefore spends a lot of time pursuing Murasaki, though her daughter role and the role of possible lover alters the way GenJi pursues her. Murasaki has the power to resist however, and she at times neglects GenJi, which occasionally upsets him. This could parallel how GenJi treats Aoi as often times, Murasaki does not want GenJi to be part of her life. Each of these three examples clearly outlines the different roles and influences women play throughout GenJis life, and each one has the power to bring out different emotions and characteristics in GenJi. Buddhism, a group of beliefs and practices which make up a prominent religion founded by Siddhartha Guatama, plays an imperative role in the court system. While the court systems tend to rule through aristocracy, an important few citizens rule, in a manner where most people of power are hereditary elite or have been elected by hose who rule based on the vital qualities certain people possess. One example of Buddhism playing a large role in the life of aristocracy occurs when GenJi becomes exiled from the land. GenJis father-in-law, the minister, an elderly, yet very powerful individual, speaks to GenJi about his actions prior to their conversation. The minister says when I see how things are with you, I know all too painfully what a sad day I have come on at the end of too long a life. I would have expected the world to end before this was allowed to happen, and I see not a ray of light in it at all. 238) Clearly, GenJi has fallen out of favour with those in power, especially the way GenJi treated the ministers daughter, Aoi. Eventually, GenJis exile begins to connect to the concept of Buddhism, as horrific weather conditions strike GenJi and the few people with him as they Journey across many people. Such a travesty could be explained as a form of punishment for GenJis inappropriate actions. The connection between Buddhism and aristocracy is clear, as this example shows how a persons action could anger those in power, and thus also anger the spirits. The violations of Buddhism could lead to these punishments. Buddhism therefore, plays a large role at a crucial aspect of the story, as GenJis exile marks the start of a new life, or at least gives him some perspective of how fortunate he was to grow up with so much power and potential. To be in favour with so many people, but Just ask quickly, acting in a manner that disturbs not only those of power in the aristocracy, but also the higher power, shows that Buddhism is the centralized religion and is taken very seriously by those who pursue a good life, as many would fear the consequences of their actions. Another event that shows how Buddhism can be related to aristocracy occurs to the Second Emperor, who describes a dream of him with his father, where his father speaks predominately about GenJi to Emperor #2. Deeply troubled, the emperor tells of his dream on a stormy night about things that were on his mind. The emperors eyes meet the eyes of his angry father, which leads to a very serious and painful eye ailment. Besides that, Kokidens father dies, Kokiden herself becomes ill, and worsens as the days pass. The emperor believes that so long as an innocent GenJi was off in the wilderness, he fears, he ust suffer. (299) As a result, the emperor suggests that GenJi be restored to his old rank and position (299). Though GenJis actions are somewhat despicable and distasteful, the spirit of the second emperors father takes action and punishes his son for what he did to GenJi, and the treatment of GenJi, mainly exiling him. Buddhism plays a very interesting role throughout the story, as Bu ddhism effectively punishes GenJi for his mistreatment of women and his lack of respect for his position and those who have high praise for him. However, Buddhism later punishes the 2nd mperor primarily because the spirit of his father is upset for the exile of GenJi. It appears that at the time, not one person is really safe with their actions, and if they went against the grain, the consequences would fit the crime. Buddhism serves as a guideline for living a pure, efficient, and respectful lifestyle. If this doesnt occur, the spirits become enraged and deal with this not only to let those people suffer, but also to help them learn from their mistakes and fix the way of life toward a better path, and ultimately move them through the caste system. To elaborate on the influence of the caste system, Buddhism also helps to establish the caste system in society. There is that responsibility to help others in order to move higher in the system through each caste level until a person reaches nirvana. Several examples from the book include when GenJi reads the Lotus Sutra during the birth of Aois child and also when Aoi is on the verge of dying. Another example occurs when the priests perform an exorcism on her when the spirit of the RokuJo Lady tries to kill her. A spirit exiting ones body without the knowledge of that erson is an example of Buddhism, and Lady RokuJo is unaware of what she has exorcism process. The political aspect, which was previously touched on when connected to Buddhism, shows a deep history of aristocracy, keeping only a small number of people to rule over the rest of the population. The emperor has control, with the imperial family also possessing a respectable amount of power. Also, the ministers have political power as well, and many of these time periods tend to keep the power within the family, passing on certain positions, such as prince or emperor, to a son or descendent of the person previously in power. In the book, we see toward the end that the Lady Shokyoden, the daughter of the Minister to the Right, has a son, who at the time is considered far too young for the throne (306). It shows that it was favourable that once a family obtained power, any attempts to keep that power within their own lineage would be considered. Membership in aristocracy, such as China at this time, is not based on achievement, intelligence, or moral growth, which often meant that power wouldnt necessarily be placed into the hands of the most deserving or the most efficient. This is a key reason that aristocracy was generally unsuccessful and often times considered a failure of government. To restate the example above, upon GenJis illustrious return, the son that is too young eventually becomes crown prince and GenJi becomes a minister (319). This shows that keeping the power with the royal lineage is crucial and even if, for example, a person is exiled, like GenJi, the likelihood of coming into future power is possible. However, disagreements often occur in the courts, such is the case of GenJi, who often not only neglects Aoi, but also neglects court meetings in order to woo and ecome intimate with other women. Since he becomes exiled, this definitely bothers some people, such as the Minister to the Right. However, this does not sit well with others, including his father, who appears to him through a dream, and causes him horrible pain and those important in his life. Also, the people who welcome and praise GenJi upon his return, and the fact GenJi is almost instantly made a minister shows that people of power will often disagree or have different opinions about a person or topic. GenJi falling out of favour with the council, and those who rule at the ime shows however, that the powerful are stern with their actions, and will take the necessary precautions with anyone who could possibly cause disruptions. Many people are disgusted with how GenJi would court many different women, and have affairs while he was not only married, but expecting a child as well. This reflects badly on the family, especially a family who at first considers GenJi to be a magnificent son who could do great things one day. It causes shame and embarrassment, as it reflects on how the child was raised by the parents, and how the parents let these actions take place. These crucial aspects depicted during the novels progression (the role of women, Buddhism, and the political confguration) each contain positive and negative attributes prevalent in the tale. These concepts, mainly connected to the central connection in some way to GenJi, also show a complex connection each other, as presented above. The author, Murasaki Shikibu, strives, and successfully achieves the unravelling of these three topics, and their roles in the story.

Free Essays on What Does Buddhism Teach

What Does Buddhism Teach, and How Does It Differ From Christianity? Legend tells us that Buddha was a powerful young prince who gave up his earthly position and possessions in order to seek enlightenment and salvation. Buddha lived in India approximately 600 years before Christ. He was concerned with the terrible things that were being done within the Hindu tradition, so he developed his own religious system. Buddha taught that the question of God’s existence is meaningless. His conception of salvation is radically different than that taught by Christianity. Buddha believed in reincarnation. He taught that every evil thing we do ties us more tightly to the cycle of rebirth. Buddha taught that a person can escape the cycle of reincarnation and enter nirvana only by following the "Noble Eight-fold Path", a strict ethical system. Buddhist teachings include dedication to meditation. Meditation involves emptying one’s mind of all content and learning to drift away from a consciousness of this world. Thus, it is part of the process by which a Buddhist frees himself from the attachments to this world and the cycle of reincarnation. We should not confuse nirvana with heaven, however. For the Buddhist, nirvana is simply an escape from the world of suffering. It is like a candle that had been burning with a hot flame (representing our suffering in the cycle of reincarnation) being suddenly extinguished. Once a flame is out, there is no point in questioning where it went. To the classical Buddhist, to attain nirvana is simply to be out of existence. Buddhism is clearly a very different religion from Christianity. It offers no personal salvation. It stands against sin and immorality, but it ignores the issue of God’s existence and our need for redemption. At its root, Buddhism is a form of agnosticism (the belief that it is impossible to know whether or not God exists) or at least practical atheism. It provides no answers about the... Free Essays on What Does Buddhism Teach Free Essays on What Does Buddhism Teach What Does Buddhism Teach, and How Does It Differ From Christianity? Legend tells us that Buddha was a powerful young prince who gave up his earthly position and possessions in order to seek enlightenment and salvation. Buddha lived in India approximately 600 years before Christ. He was concerned with the terrible things that were being done within the Hindu tradition, so he developed his own religious system. Buddha taught that the question of God’s existence is meaningless. His conception of salvation is radically different than that taught by Christianity. Buddha believed in reincarnation. He taught that every evil thing we do ties us more tightly to the cycle of rebirth. Buddha taught that a person can escape the cycle of reincarnation and enter nirvana only by following the "Noble Eight-fold Path", a strict ethical system. Buddhist teachings include dedication to meditation. Meditation involves emptying one’s mind of all content and learning to drift away from a consciousness of this world. Thus, it is part of the process by which a Buddhist frees himself from the attachments to this world and the cycle of reincarnation. We should not confuse nirvana with heaven, however. For the Buddhist, nirvana is simply an escape from the world of suffering. It is like a candle that had been burning with a hot flame (representing our suffering in the cycle of reincarnation) being suddenly extinguished. Once a flame is out, there is no point in questioning where it went. To the classical Buddhist, to attain nirvana is simply to be out of existence. Buddhism is clearly a very different religion from Christianity. It offers no personal salvation. It stands against sin and immorality, but it ignores the issue of God’s existence and our need for redemption. At its root, Buddhism is a form of agnosticism (the belief that it is impossible to know whether or not God exists) or at least practical atheism. It provides no answers about the...

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay - 8

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example My research report about the religious dimensions led me to know the essence of religion, which was evoking of specific response over various aspects of life, taken to be pure as designed by traditional practices of religious bodies (Fisher, 2011). My criteria to examine the religiosity of the people on earth was philosophical related to the causal purpose of the universe; peoples’ adherence to religious rituals and moral code of conduct, as propounded by the leading religions. Starting from Christianity, I examined the people believing in this religion on the parameter of cause behind the creation of the cosmos. Christians believed that there is one supreme power governing the affairs of the universe. Human beings are the final product of the creator to live on the planet with love and justice. They believe that the purpose of their existence is to love and serve God (Christianity Human Nature, 2012). My next stoppage to research and analyze the preaching of Islam revealed about the followers of Islam, the Muslims who adhere to five pillars of Islam, called the â€Å"pillars of faith†, which are critical religious rituals. These are observing disciplined routine of confessing to the faith, strictly adhering to the ritual of prayer, paying the alms tax, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and Pilgrimage to Mecca. True Muslims are only those who follow the routine first four rituals and accomplish once in their life time a visit to the holy city of Mecca, their fifth ritual. This is a religious pilgrimage held in the last month of the Islamic year. While playing the ritual of donning a white sheet, they show their allegiance to the almighty by projecting that they have covered their wealth, culture, and class, as belonging to various corners of the planet to attain a feeling of equality and unity (Denny, 1987). The religion of Hinduism was the third parameter to decide whether the believers in the Hindu philosophy of

The Analysis of Strategy from movie Moneyball Essay

The Analysis of Strategy from movie Moneyball - Essay Example This approach involves the scouting and analysis of players followed by their acquisition. Through this strategy, they acquire Chad Bradford, a pitcher, and Scott Hatteberg, a catcher. They go on to win an American league record 20 games in a row. This team did not qualify into the World Series in 2002, and they have not made in back into the series ten years down the line. These years remained impressive ones, not only in the history of the game, but also in the franchise. The need to get this team back into World Series, and win more titles called for the team’s top management to adopt and implement new strategies, which will ensure the future success of this team. This paper, therefore, seeks to describe how new strategies, especially technology and innovation, can create a competitive advantage for an organization with reference to the movie â€Å"Money ball’s Strategy†. The Oakland A’s vision was to find young players who had little ability for pay ne gotiations (Rosner & Kenneth). In 1995, new management broke up the roster of the team in order to trim costs and this caused performances to nose dive. At this same period, they designed the new strategy based on a low budget, concentrating on on-base percentage. By 1999, performances had begun to improve, with their revenue responding to this performance. Attendance spiked dramatically, while ticket prices also rose. This showed that their strategy for getting victory in games was successful at exploiting the opportunity at profit. During the period spanning 2000-2004, the average position player’s wage went up from $2.6 million to $3 million (Rosner & Kenneth 358). Home run hitters earned approximately $3.5 million more than the rest of the players. This was difficult for the Oakland A’s team to follow, since they were not in a position to challenge well-established and financially sound teams. However, the Oakland A’s discovered that there was gross underval uation of on-base percentage in the market. The most significant method of measuring skill at batting had been batting average, which weighted home runs and singles the same. The slugging percentage was also in use where home runs counted four times as much as singles. These two, however, ignored walks and sacrifices. There was undervaluation of the ability to get on base. Lack of hitters possessing superior skill at market premiums, who master the patient art of touching base via walks, validated the A’s approach in identifying these players. This translated into winning more games at a discount compared to their competition. At first, however, the team’s scouts were hostile and dismissive to the sabermetrics approach that was non-traditional for scouting players. The manager began to select players based on base percentage, therefore, assembling a team with more potential than their finances would have allowed. The Oakland A’s used an integrated low-cost and d ifferentiation strategy (Rosner & Kenneth 358). This allowed them to adapt to the changing financial environment, which was going beyond them, allowing them to learn and integrate new technologies and skills, while improving their ability to leverage core competencies more effectively across their business model, and enabling them to purchase hitters with improved features at much lower costs. Using this strategy, they managed to exploit the low market demand that was there for those kinds of hitters