New Product Technology

Part A 1. 0 community Background Softlan is a crossway under Colgate-Palmolive Company. The small soap and crapperdle business that William Colgate began in invigorated York City early in the 19th century is now, much(prenominal) than 200 years later. It is a unfeignedly global company serving hundreds of millions of consumers worldwide. Colgate is a global strike offs sold in over 200 countries Colgate, Mennen, Palmolive, Ajax, Softsoap, and hillocks Pet Nutrition ar among the worlds most recognizable sept names, sure and relied upon by consumers everywhere (Colgate al-Quran of C argon, 2008).Based on the research, the companys business strategy focuses on five core businesses oral care, personal care, household surface care, stuff care, and pet nutrition. In the household and textile care, Colgate-Palmolive has offered the entire household cleanser growth such as Toothpaste, Softlan, and body shampoo and so on. pic pic 2. 0 Product Attri entirelye Softlan is good qu ality household merchandises that provide to the family. Softlan is to help make their families uniform feel and smell their best.According to Judy Strauss book, with quality most guests live you loll around what you pay for. That is high and coherent quality generally means higher monetary values, thus maintaining the value proposition (Judy Strauss, Adel, Raymond, 2005). Softlan is adapting a exchange premium impairment position to comparing with other speck Softener such as Good maid, Downy, Petals and so on but the guest still leave purchase it because of the Softlan quality. The offer values of Colgate-Palmolive Softlan are as below ? Static let go of ? More comfortable to wear Makes ironing easier ? Gives your familys frock an irresistible softness ? Leaves a sweet corsage on attire ? Long lasting fragrance for up to 16 geezerhood (Colgate gentlemans gentleman of Care, 2008) These all the benefit of Colgate-Palmolive Softlan is offer based from node need a nd wants which is be able to satisfy the users. picpic pic pic 3. 0 Branding Branding is very important to the Colgate-Palmolive Softlan to lay down the competitive advantage from the competitors. A soil is a promise to clients.Delivering on this promise builds trust, lower risk, and help clients by reducing the stress of make result switching decisions. Example like when the customer want to purchase Softlan in the hyper commercialise but there are many brands so the customer leave alone choosing the brand that they will trust. The selling price of the Softlan Ultra is higher than another Softlan price but the customer still will choosing Softlan Ultra ingathering which is because under the brand name of Colgate-Palmolive and it is also an old brand in the fabric softener product, therefore customer will more trust to the quality of the Softlan Ultra.Based on the research, Colgate-Palmolive Softlan is successful to build the brand name in the customer mind in Malaysia and Ho ng Kong but there are a cluster of bracing brand was market place in the product so Colgate-Palmolive still need to improve and maintain the sales of Softlan in the market with another way. Based on the research training has show that in fabric softeners product, where Colgate is No. 1 in Hong Kong and Malaysia, new-fashioned sizes and fragrances are loaning incremental Market share (Colgate Strategy, 2006). 4. 0 Competitor AnalysisSoftlan be one of the top fabric softener in Malaysia would need to compete with another competitor in Malaysia market. on that point are few competitor brands in the market which are Downy, Petals, good maid and so on. totally of this fabric softener will offer the similar benefit of softener to customer. Softlan would be competing with this entire brand by exploitation opposite media, offer differentiation product and produce what the consumer wants in the market. Softlan Company is very smart it is entered into the intense weather country m arket which no other softener has entered.Having the Softlan is being able to help the user lick their clothing smelly paradox. The Softlan is 4x concentrated with a rich formula that deeply penetrates fabrics and with long lasting fragrance for up to 16 days. Category Brands Chief Competitors Fabric Softener Suavitel, Soup profligate Procter & Gamble picpicpic 5. 0 Tar lower Market Softlan target market is large.It is targeting to have family pack, single working people and student. Nowadays, every people were busy to work peculiarly in Town so every people also want fast and smell best. especially working people and student, Softlan domiciliate help them to ironing their formal with easies and fast. Furthermore, it also merchantman help them to leaves a pleasant fragrance on clothes. Besides, slightly big families will not enough space to juiceless their clothes so all the clothes will hang it together and Softlan will help them to leaves a pleasant fragrance on the cl othes. . 0 Positioning Positioning is an important tool those use to take a crap the user effectively. Softlan has positioning their product with the word Soft as a mothers cognise in the website through their target customers (Colgate Word of Care, 2008). Which mean that Softlan communicate with the customer after use the Softlan fabric softener to wash the clothes, when wearing will feel soft and comfortable like our mother love. Softlan fabric softener is apply benefits positioning to support a distinct perception in the consumer mind.In additional, Colgate-Palmolive is providing different type and emotional state of fabric softener to the customers. It is to satisfy different customer with different taste such as Softlan basal is exploitation four times (4x) more softening and long lasting fragrance in 16 days Softlan relaxing is the softener that the smell female genitals release the stress of the consumer and so on. Softlan has positioning it product in the customer mi nd by using special flavor which is Relaxing variant with Lavender & Ylang- Ylang essentials oils or the energize variant with Bergatnot and Jasmine essentials oil.After using the Softlan, it will help the customer feel relax and wear the clothes more comfortable. Softlan has using marketing strategy of advertise in website, in television in 2007, magazines and so on. Those are few marketing strategy that has been using by Softlan to strengthen their positioning in Malaysia in the hypermarket. In the long run, Softlan has succeeded to build Softlan branding by using the strategies above. The positioning strategies will help Softlan to gain the largest market share in the market. 7. 0 Pricing StrategySoftlan position itself as a premium price of product as mention above. Although its pricing is invariably higher than another brand such as downy. The product is almost same with Softlan but in pricing downy is forever cheaper than Softlan. Besides, downy sometime also will sell in o ffer price within add 20 liter. According to the market research, Softlan price is selling in higher price than another brand it is because it doesnt want to play price war in the market with the competitor it will recidivate control in product pricing.Softlan is selling like normal price to their customer nevertheless the customer still will purchase it it is because the customer trusts to the Softlan quality and brand name. 8. 0 Consumer Behavior Colgate-Palmolive Company was considered just about the consumer situation and start to understanding the consumer behavior. Based from the vision of Colgate-Palmolive Company is want to become the best among the consumer product by understanding the consumers and consumer expectation better and by continually innovating and improving their products, services and processes (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2006).Therefore, Colgate-Palmolive company has successfully created several flavor of Softlan to drag more customer and student when star t to market it. Until today, Softlan still stiff on its position by providing different flavor, easy to use and bring a lot of benefit to the users. This reason will bring Softlan continually having a big market in fabric softener market. In the other hand, Colgate-Palmolive company also has consider that nowadays people are facing stress problem with the work or family therefore there was come out the new Softlan that the smell can be relax to the people and feel comfortable.Besides that, using Softlan also can help the users ironing their clothes with easy and fast so can save time of the consumers. Softlan also know that nowadays the consumer was also because of the out summit, envision of the bottle to buy it. Softlan understand that especially most of the younger people look for the bottle design. Besides, nowadays the consumer also likes to purchase small bottle Softlan it is because it is more portable and easy to keep. Thus, Softlan was produce the design of small bottl e in the market to satisfied the consumers.Besides, the company also has using a guideword to promote the Softlan which is Soft as a mother love, it is easy and effectiveness way to esteem by all the Malaysia customers. 9. 0 Communication tools Softlan always having advertize and promoting in hypermarket or media. This is a effective strategy that applied by Softlan. Based on research, it has shown that 44% of supermarket shopper notice substances delivered and 34% are influenced by in sore media in making brand purchase decisions (Super Guru Home, 2005).That is why that Softlan always has promoting their brand by using different in-store media to the customer. Besides, Cleaning Agent-Laundry ranked the third fastest growing category in the archetypical half of 2006 due to an increase in ad spend by Softlan on Television or another media (Appendix 2). It is the effective way to help the Softlan brand name know-well in all hypermarket of Malaysia. Part B 10. 0 Method of Advert ising A creative message strategy is one of the important factors that could congeal the success of the advert.Besides that, the company use advert to create awareness to the customers which is to attract more people knows about the brand name. Presently, Softlan is adapting behavioral path to make consumers tell other people about the information of product by increase consumer purchase and continually purchase which is almost similar like Word of Mouth strategies it is can expand the information to everywhere. Softlan also has using cognition path which is to send the message to users how the product can solve the consumer problem.Based on the market research, Softlan has using few different strategies ? A premium price ? Arrange the Softlan product in the middle space of the rack ? Innovation case ? Product innovative Based on the proposed concept, there are needs to using three media advertisement in the hypermarket to engage the consumers interesting, help Softlan to buil d brand and to increase the sales of the product. There three advertising are level hooplas in hypermarket entrance Aisle, Event at middle and trolley sticker.From this three advertising and furtherance campaign will help Softlan to increase their market share and brand name among the competitor in the market. 11. 0 story stoppers in hypermarket Aisle pic pic Exhibit 2. 0 Direction Floor stopper Floor stoppers in oversea is very famous advertising strategies in the hypermarket or everywhere of the street. Softlan is using outrage stoppers to create awareness of the consumer in the hypermarket Aisle. The actus reus floor stoppers is placed entrance on the floor of the product gangboard.When a consumer bye pass by the aisle, all the product will arrange on the ledge in one row which will very fractious to attract people to saw the product and purchase it. The product would not be to attract the customer to walk close to the product and look at it. If the window shopping custom er will not walk through the product aisle it because they just want to walk only but if they saw Softlan floor stoppers on the floor, it will attract them to walk close to saw the product and maybe will attract them to purchase it.At first, the command error with some Softlan message of floor stopper will put on the entrance floor of the aisle which is to attract the customer feel curious and walk through the aisle with follow the error direction. After that, the customer will saw the product floor stopper which is directly in front of the product it would be attract the consumer to find the product easily or attract more the new customer to know the Softlan product. pic pic pic pic Exhibit 3. 0 product floor stopper Furthermore, creative messages will be used to catch consumer attention and look at the product.In the floor stopper, the promotion message and hear is being used it which is tell the customer that saving the money if purchase the latest Softlan product which is ultr a Softlan and also will using product picture in the 3D floors stopper to be more appeal to attract attention of customer. In using floors stopper would be an effective advertising in the market. It is because normally when the customer decides to buy they just will walk near the product if no they will just walk through the aisle only and cannot saw the product with easily.Therefore the benefit of floors stopper is when consumer walks near to the Softlan floors stopper they will consider to purchase the product that receiving by the 3D product picture and message on the aisle floor. It is because normally on the shelf will market a lot of similar product but different brand and it will make the customer confuse and hard to find the product. Based on the book, floor advertisement at around the product shelf can help Softlan to increase products sales by much as 25% and attract more new customer to try the product (Rosenbloom, 2004). Floors stoppers advertisement can effective to bui ld branding in customer mind.On the other hand, floor stopper in hypermarket aisle also can be as an extended shelf space of the product and dominance of the aisle for the advertisement of Softlan product. The pictures of Softlan floors stopper refer to picture 3. 0. 12. 0 Event at middle of hypermarket By using Softlan event is an effective media nowadays trends. The product event can be like purchase the product up to ten ringgit will get chance to win the voucher or selling the product by using promotion price which is mean selling the Softlan product in the lower price and introduce the latest Softlan products.Softlan can admit to have this event it is because the event can attract more customer attention to the product and know the product features. To having this event will be able to attract more the potentials customer, it is because the customer will commend that the price will cheaper than normal day so they will go to join the event to get the free gift or purchasing t he Softlan product with promotional price. With having this event Softlan Company can be face to face provide the Softlan information to customers.The benefit s of Softlan having an event is customer data can be collect for analysis and can understand more customer behavior in the hypermarket. Thus, some cross-selling will be implementing in the events. It is also can build customer relationship to increase the customer services of Softlan and also can understand the trend of market. From the event, Softlan Company brand name will always keep in customer mind and can increase the number of new customer to purchasing Softlan products. Besides that based on the event can direct communicate with the customer and know what they wants. 3. 0 Trolley Sticker Trolley sticker is meant that the Softlan product promotion or information sticker can be stick on hypermarket trolley. Softlan can use the sticker advertisement to attract every walk in customer. It is an effective way and easy to adv ertise Softlan product through the sticker to create customer brand awareness. The advertisement can be saw by every customer in the hypermarket when they using the trolley. When the customer saw the promotion message or picture them will feel curious and will finding the Softlan product place to see it.The benefit of the Softlan trolley sticker is can reduce the advertising cost and also can expand the advertisement space of the products. It can be create awareness to all customers who are shopping in Carrefour. 14. 0 Conclusion As a conclusion, all of the media strategies can be effective advertising tools in the market. Softlan can be using this three media advertising to increase the number of customer, increase the sales, and create the brand awareness for the customer. It is an effective tools using by Softlan to compete among the fabric softener competitors. References Colgate-Palmolive, 2008, Colgate world of care, Accessed by 17/8/08, available on http//www. colgate. com. m y/app/Colgate/MY/HouseholdCare/ProductRecommender/FabricSoftener/PDPs. cvsp? product=SoftlanUltra -Supermarket Guru, 2007, Spontaneous Supermarket gross sales, Accessed by 19/8/08, available on http//archive. supermarketguru. com/page. cfm/15585 -Reuben Mark,2008, Chairman of the Board Accessed by 30/8/08, available on http//www. colgate. com. my/app/Colgate/MY/Corp/ChairmansMessage. cvsp -Colgat-Palmolive, 2008, The New York Times, Accessed by 3/9/08, available n http//topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/colgate_palmolive_company/index. html? excamp=GGBUcolgate-palmolivecompany&WT. srch=1&WT. mc_ev=click&WT. mc_id=BI-S-E-GG-NA-CT-colgate-palmolive_company -Bina Thompson, 2008, Earning News, Accessed by 9/9/08, available on http//investor. colgate. com/print_release. cfm? ReleaseID=114277&ReleaseType=Earnings -Farlex, 2002, The Free Library, Accessed by 18/9/08, available on http//www. thefreelibrary. com/The+top+50-a090607513 -Nixfon, 2006, Brand Equity, Accessed by 1 9/9/08, available on http//www. randequity. com. my/news/news-Fifa2006. htm -Global pecuniary Review, 2007, Dollars in Millions Except Per Share Amounts, Accessed by 22/9/08, available on http//investor. colgate. com/downloads/PDF2_18-39. pdf -Coloribus advertising archive, 2008, Coloribus, Accessed by 26/9/08, available on http//www. coloribus. com/paedia/prints/2007/07/08/203482/ ColgateStrategy, 2006, Highligh, Accessed by 15/10/08, available on http//investor. colgate. com/downloads/ar97. pdf criminal record -RosenbloomJ, 2004, High Noon in Aisle Five, Published by Inc. Magazine Boone,L, E, Kurtz, D, L, (2005), Contemporary Marketing, 4th Edition, assimilator Hall. -Strauss, J, Ansary, A, El, Frost, R, (2006), E-Marketing, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. Appendix 1 In-Store Media Can Spur Spontaneous Supermarket Sales August 9, 2005 A new study reveals that 44% of supermarket shoppers notice messages delivered by in-store media, and 34% are influenced by in-store media in making brand purchase decisions. One key finding of the study, conducted by Mediaedgecia, was that a strong correlation exists in the midst of shoppers noticing an in-store ad or promotion, and that prompting an impulse purchase.However, not all forms of in-store media are created equal, nor is the effectiveness of each to different segments of shoppers. For instance, end-aisle displays and store flyers are the most noticed form of in-store advertising overall, while shopping cart ads and in-store TV ads are largely ignored by todays on-the-go shoppers. And, despite the rhetoric surrounding our time-challenged society, 51% of supermarket shoppers still prompt through every aisle of the store.A shoppers age can hold the key as to how antiphonal that person may be to various forms of in-store media Shoppers age 55-64 are most influenced by product demos Shoppers 45-54 are 66% more likely to respond to flyers Shoppers 35-44 respond favorably across many in-store media including product packaging, check-out line advertising and ads outside the store (outside the entrance and in the parking lot) Shoppers 25-44 are most driven to spontaneous, ignorant sales by shelf signs In terms of gender targeting, females remain the primary supermarket shopper, and the study reveals that in-store ads are generally effective in communication with female consumers. They often hold the key to triggering spontaneous purchases particularly if they are tied into a deal. The exception is poster ads hanging from the ceiling, which are largely ignored by female grocery shoppers.Many of those women are heads of households who bring their kids along with them on shopping excursions. It should come as no surprise, then that among them, 61% claim their children influence their brand decisions, underscoring the need for in-store communications to this age theme as well. Over the past decade, the term in-store media has taken on a whole new meaning. once consisting of simple signage by ret ailers hoping to promote specials, today, in-store media includes various incarnations, including end-aisle displays, floor signage, kiosks, interactive flat panels, and in-store audio and video transmissions. In-store media has a huge advantage over traditional media in

Political Decentralization and the Local Government System

The final tier of elect g overnance is the district (Gila) council. The district council insisted of every last(predicate) the (directly take) union council national socialism in the district. The channelise of district council, the district national socialism and district naif-Nazism be indirectly elected. Another aspect of re accedeation in Devolution Plan is the mental home of Citizen Community Boards (CBS) in both unpolished and urban areas. The CBS were expected to initiate and manage their own knowledge projects, with 25 percent of the district development funds set aside for their use.They are Voluntary organizations form by citizens themselves. Source (Schema, Jaws, & Qatar, 2005) 3. 3 Characteristics of Current Local Government governing body . Restructuring of Government Pakistan. (Abaft & Hussy, 2010). Schema, 2005 discussed that the elected administration and provincial administration have been integrated at the district and Thesis directs, the division abol ished altogether and the local anesthetic anesthetic aim provincial administration has been made accountable to elected officials at the local train.Moreover, major(ip)ity of unexclusive services that were previously at a lower place the provincial presidency have been transferred to local government increasing their stretch and responsibilities. B. Provincial to Local decentalisation with No Federal Decentralization The other side of he fork over is, all the authority and male monarch which have been distri justed in local governments came from provincial government, no power transferred from federal official government to either provincial or local governments. C.Integration of Rural and urban In pre-devolution period, thither was a sharp distinction in the midst of rural and urban governments. But in post-devolution, it is no longer in that respect as the administrative unit is union council which includes several towns and villages. D. Electoral Process Prior to devo lution, members of urban local councils and district councils were directly elected and then they elected their enquirys of respective councils. Under the devolution, both the members and heads of the lowest level of government, the union council, are elected through public vote as before.But the advanced legislation has created inter-governmental linkages by ensuring that the majority (two-thirds) of the members of the Thesis and district councils are these elected heads. However, within the devolved departments, not all functions were devolved and certain activities confront within the provincial purvey. (Schema, Jaws, & Qatar, 2005). A closer look at these changes and differences has been provided below. 3. 4 Changes under Political Decentralization Schema (2005) discussed in detail the changes brought in by devolution of power curriculum.These are the changes in level of decision devising, administration, accountability and fiscal resources available. While this paper onl y covers changes in level of decision making and accountability of representative governments as focusing on political decentralization. A. Change in Decision devising Level Before devolution, provincial government was more powerful and took all the decisions. But devolution pattern distributed this power of decision making among local elected governments. For example, a service may have been under purvey of rabbinical elected government but after devolution it is transferred to local elected government.One liaison to be noted is that this involves change in level of decision level of decision making power can be polar depending upon the scale of service. Schema (2005) described the level changes in many different categories as under a. Province to res publica b. Province to district c. Province to Thesis/Town d. Urban/ Rural Local Council to Thesis e. Urban/ Rural Local Council to District b. Change in duty Devolution also changed the decision makers accountability keeping th e decision making power on the comparable level.These are the changes where decision of a particular service is now made by the agent who differs in his accountability to public. Prior to devolution, provincial bureaucracy was accountable to their non- elected provincial secretariat, turn under the new system they are accountable to the elected heads of district and Thesis governments. For example, decision of some service capability be taken at district level by bureaucrats before devolution, while decision are whitewash made on the district level but by the elected district representative. So accountability of that service is now closer to the voters who elected their preventatives.The most significant accountability change is that the De facto head of district administration under the previous system, the deputy commissioner (DC), used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present system the head of the district administration, the District Coord ination Officer (DOC) reports to the elected district Nazism. Schema 2005 summarized the discussion stating the final decision maker changed from a provincial government district officer who reported to the provincial bureaucracy, to an elected Nazism who ultimately is answerable to his districts constituents. 3. 5 Analysis Critics on Current Local Government System and POLO 2001 Devolution plan is a revolutionary step in the history of decentralization in Pakistan but the structure of system of representation created a image of problems also (Abaft & Hussy, 2010). Direct election in a particular constituency limited the attention of union Nazism to union specific development schemes and they did not payment attention to their role as Thesis and District council members.This resulted in holistic and fragmented union council level projects instead than district or Thesis bevel. The structure of the electoral system also caused reverse race instead of directly elected union counc ilors candidature for elections, there are cases of union Nazism campaigning for their respective union councilors. This secures the future re-election of union Nazism if the union councilor of his choice gets elected as Nazism are to be selected later indirectly (Hessian, 2008).Since political parties had been bypassed and withdrawe-based candidates were now pitted against each other, the elections reinforced handed-down hostilities at the local level. To a large extent, such a yester of patronage and hostility defeated the opportunities for rural areas to participate in decision making and to demand better services from the state (Abaft & Hussy, 2010). Another major problem with the system of representation that was promulgated through the Devolution plan was the lack of fall overs and balances between and across elected bodies.The accountability of district Nazism is almost council headed by naif-Nazism rarely goes counter to Nazism. The most strategic issue facing elected bodies was the clash of interests with representative provincial governments. The Devolution plan of 2000 had been prepared without consultation with stakeholders particularly provinces, at the conviction national and provincial assemblies had been dissolved. When these assemblies were revived, local tier had been added according to devolution plan.On that time there was no political ownership of newly created local governments which led provincial governments to interfere in both policy making and implementation at the district level (Abaft & Hussy, 2010). Citizen Community Boards (CBS) were a colossal way for the representation in local government, but they became functional to a certain degree, to quite in the way envisioned in the Devolution plan. Usually CBS have become splinter groups lobbying for small enthronement projects and often captured by local elites or contractors looking for project funding (Abaft & Hussy, 2010) 4.To characterize decentralization in the country all these components (political, fiscal and administrative) must complement each other to produce more reactive local governments that will deliver effective, efficient and sustainable services and maintain fiscal discipline (never, 2001). Never provided a set of questions for each component of decentralization in order to assess the level of decentralization. Considering the circumstance to this paper only political decentralization is being assessed in context of Pakistan using the indicators given by Never.With the descriptive answers, every bureau has been given marks out of 10 (10 is best/strong yes while O is worst/strong No) in relevance to the description. 1 . Are governments elected? Yes generally governments are elected as long as military take over and dissolved in the ill situation of law and order and bad governance. 10) 2. Are there multi-company elections? Yes elections are multi-party there are a number of small medium and large, old and new political parties whic h participate in general elections. (10) 3. Are ballots cast secretly in government elections?According to constitution, ballots are and should be cast secretly in all the areas. Exception prevails at some electoral stations which are under a high do work of some political parties but such areas are very some in number. (08) 4. Are elections held at regular intervals? 2008-13 is the first time in history of Pakistan when elected National government employed its 5- geezerhood incumbency and elections were held after exact five years that is in May 2013. Before this, military has been taking over in the situation of bad governance and ill law and order. (03) 5.Are elections free and fair? There has been a big question mark on the fairness of elections as there are a few old political parties which have been controlling the country politics for a long time. Moreover, every party has its area of influence in which it can use its power and influence people and sometimes elections also . (05) 6. Is the head of local government elected directly, indirectly or appointed? According to electoral process be by the Devolution plan which has been discussed earlier, head of local at keeping a check on local corruption?In real practice, civil society has no power to keep check and balance on local elected representatives. They are Just elected locally but they are not in control of or accountable to the general public as envisioned in the Devolution Plan. (00) 5. The Devolution of Power Plan which has been promulgated through Local Government Ordinance 2001 is a revolutionary step in the history of decentralization in Pakistan. Mustard introduced a number of reforms which helped in reducing the AP between state and civil society.All the powers distributed to the newly created lower tiers came through provincial government without distributing the powers of federal government. Provincial governments which used to be very powerful tier become less authoritative as local tie rs were directly connected with the center. Initially local governments were given constitutional protection of six years against any kind of amendments but later some political powers, which got affected by the direct linkage of local government with center, made amendments to recover some of the lost powers.The reverse campaigning because of structure of government affects fairness of electoral process as Nazism campaigns for their own union councilors to secure their future elections rather than union councilors campaigning for the elections. This promotes sense of self benefits among the union councilors and the interests of community are ignored. Though the Devolution plan transferred powers to local tiers and empowered local communities at very bottom level but still there are some issues which hinder the efficiency of plan and limited the benefits to the citizens of Pakistan.The assessment of political decentralization in Pakistan on the basis of Never indicators shows that p olitical system is well decentralized at least on the policy documents but in real practice issues of transparency and accountability exist. There are still some gaps in the real practice as civil society is still lacking the unfeigned power to keep checks and balances on the representatives. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS All the powers and authority distributed at local level has been taken from province while center keeps all the authority and decision making power as it is including sisal authorities.There should be distribution of powers of center as well in order to develop a balance between center-province and province-district relation. In real practice, plan has not work up to the mark because of absence of transparency in the system particularly in financial matters. There should be complete transparent system which allows frequent public to look into the countrys on-going matters. Voters should have power to keep check and balance on the decisions made by their representatives as t hey are the one who elected them through electoral process.

Information Systems in Healthcare Essay

Nurses face untried situations and challenges with todays rapid growing info engine room and telecommunication systems. Tele wellness is a progressively pass on system that incorporates the use of technology to enhance longanimous look at in the most effective and effectual way possible at a distance (Epidirippulige, 2010). Telebreast feeding is a part of telehealth that is gaining signifi thronet growth as a subspecialty. The use of remote diligent monitoring, often referred to as telehealth, has been widely adopted by health rush providers, particularly situation complaint agencies (Suter et al., 2011). Patients with continuing health affections such as congestive total failure (CHF) benefit from telehealth run. The use of Telebreast feeding services can ameliorate health outcomes, promote self-c are through counsel and precept, as well as decrease readmissions to the hospital and their related checkup cost. Telenursing is emerging rather apace due to the ongoin g shortage of nurses globally. New ways to manage chronic illness are imperative, oddly as the population ages, chronic illness increases and the nursing shortage continues (Bowles et al., 2009, p. 344).The purpose of my research is to provide selective information on the role of nursing in telehealth practices, the advantages and disadvantages for patients, as well as legal factors to consider when providing nursing care to patients with chronic illnesses within home health agencies. Telenursing is defined by the National Council of secernate Boards of nursing (NCSBN) as the practice of nursing over distance using telecommunications technology (American Telemedicine Association (ATA), 2008). A a couple of(prenominal) examples of terms commonly used to refer to telehealth are telenursing, telecare, telemonitoring, telehomecare and telemedicine (Artinian, 2007). All of which are the provision of clinical care at a distance through the use of electronic communication and informat ion technologies (Artinian, 2007, p. 25).Telehealth services can be offered at set ups offices, hospitals, and within the patients home. Through the use of telephones, video, computers, and otherwise monitoring equipment patients have the capability of receiving expert quality medical care. It allows patients the ability to feel comfortable well-read a health professional is monitoring their illness regularly and not only mingled with doctor visits. The role of a Telenurse is a unique approach to nursing care and component of the telehealth system. The nurse engages in the practice of nursing by interacting with a client at a remote site to electronically receive the clients health status information, initiate and transmit therapeutic interventions and regimens, and monitor and phonograph record the clients response and nursing care outcomes (NCSBN Position Paper on Telenursing A altercate to Regulation, 1997).Telehealth nursing (THN) allows nurses to see more patients on a da ily basis, while decreasing the over-all work interference of the nurses on a unit due to under rounding issues. The nurse can accomplish this without leaving the hospital or doctors office, saving considerable amounts of time by using inter brisk telehealth equipment, allowing other health care professionals to focus on patients admitted with emergencies. Nurses have access to the patients health issues and provide education as well as counseling regarding their illness processes and management as they progress. Effective communication between the nurse, family and patient is a vital role for successful management of the disease process and for the encouragement of patient involvement with self-care.The availability of telehealth nursing offers numerous advantages to patients with chronic health diseases. More and more home care agencies are beginning to offer telehealth services due to the advantages in improvements in health care outcomes, diminish re-hospitalizations and medi cal costs, as well as promoting patients to become more proactive with their disease management. Depending on the stiffness of the patients medical condition, these benefits can be accomplished with the proper devotion to treatments and telehealth monitoring systems in place. Patients with chronic diseases tend to make more visits to the hospital and develop more health care expenses than patients without chronic health diseases (Suter et al., 2011). Within the comforts of their home, patients are able to obtain their vital signs and report symptoms using medical technology (blood pressure machine,glucometer, weight scale or pulse oximetry) and reported to the THN via the telephone, in-person through home visits, or by telemonitoring (Bowels et al., 2009).The information provided by the patient allows the nurse to make decisions based on the patients symptoms and vital signs. A perfect example, as reported by Edirippulige (2010), is through wound care management, here studies have shown to prove that THN care can be quick and effective with the ability to involve digital images of the wound during an at home visit. Both the THN and wound care specialist were able to join and make necessary treatment plans, resulting in fewer at home visits, a reduction in healing time, and the hinderion of hospitalization (Edirippulige, 2010). A second advantage to THN is the promotion of self-care management. According to Shea & Chomoff (2012), patients who are active in self-care communicate with healthcare providers and develop partnerships as collaborators (p. 111). This allows patients to develop the knowledge and skills needed to gain the trust with the management of their medical problems including regular valuatement of progress and problems, goal setting, and problem-solving support (Suter et al., 2011, p. 111).Therefore, decreasing the possibility of their disease process from becoming worse and prevent unnecessary hospitalizations. A third advantage is the abi lity of telehealth services to offer frequent follow-up care to patients that can lead to fewer complications with their disease management (Artinian, 2007). While there are great advantages to THN disadvantages have also been seen that can lead to frustrated implementation of telehealth services. One disadvantage to THN is the patients lack of motivation, which can interfere with the patients ability to collect data appropriately necessary to provide quality nursing care. Therefore, it is important to assess the patients readiness to learn for appropriate disease management. Another disadvantage is lack of communication.Shea & Chamoff (2012), tell that Patients who do not talk to the nurse as often may rely on the telemonitored data more, but because of lack of communication, the THN does not know that the information is being used for self-care (p. 114). Maintaining effective communication by offering detailed information regarding the plan of care and goals between the patient and nurse can prevent misunderstandings that may implicate the patients health condition. Lastly, age can be a factor. In a champaign conducted by Bowles (2010),patients who refused to use the technology were significantly older than those who accepted it (p. 3).Conclusion and RecommendationsMy research has shown that telehealth can improve the overall quality of patient care at a distance by reducing readmissions to the hospital and its related medical cost, promote self-care, and improve health outcomes. A telehealth nurse can play a vital role with the success of home health agencies providing telehealth services. Before recommending that you apply for the position of THN, there are certain aspects to keep in mind when it comes to guidelines and legalities. It is important to understand your role at adhering to the standards of quality, patient concealing and confidentiality as established in traditional nursing practice and governed law (ATA, 2008, p. 2). Artinian 2007, (as ci ted by ANA, 1999), reported that in 1999 the American Nursing Association published Core Principles on Telehealth describing professional standards in telehealth (p. 29).These guidelines provide information to assist nurses with protecting a clients privacy when services are rendered. Be wide-awake of licensure issues. There may come a time when you may receive directions from a provider on behalf of a patient who is located in another asseverate. Its important to practice within your state jurisdiction. Legal issues on behalf of negligence may arise. It is the responsibility of the nurse to understand and know how equipment is used. To avoid negligence, staff and patients must be educated about the proper use and care of any telehealth devices (Artinian, 2007, p. 29). I appetite you luck and hope that I was able to provide you with enough information to support your decision.ReferencesAmerican Telemedicine Association. (2008). Telehealth nursing A white paper developed and accep ted by the telehealth nursing special interest group. Artinian, N. (2007). Telehealth as a tool for enhancing care for patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing, 22(1), 25-31. Bowles, K. H. (2010). Achieving meaningful use with information technology telehealth research. Online Journal Of Nursing Informatics, 14(3). Bowles, K. H., Holland, D. E., & Horowitz, D. A. (2009). A comparison of in-person home care, home care with telephone advert and home care with telemonitoring for disease management. Journal of telemedicine and telecare,15(7), 344-350. Edirippulige, S. (2010). Readiness of nurses for practicing telehealth. Studies In Health Technology & Informatics, 16149-56. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (1997). Position Paper on Telenursing A Challenge to Regulation. https//www.ncsbn.org/TelenursingPaper.pdf Shea, K., & Chamoff, B. (2012). Telehomecare Communication and Self-Care in Chronic Conditions touching Toward a Shared Unde rstanding. Worldviews On Evidence-Based Nursing, 9(2), 109-116. doi10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00242.x Suter, P., Suter, W., & Johnston, D. (2011). Theory-Based Telehealth and Patient Empowerment. Population Health Management, 14(2), 87-92. doi10.1089/pop.2010.0013

A religious or moral issue Essay

Analyse and explain the way in which a unearthly or example issue of concern to Christians has been dealt with in a television flog opera The moral issue that I have chosen to follow is adultery, which is when a married person has voluntary sexual intercourse with other married or not married people, rather than his or her spouse. The reason I have chosen this moral issue is because it is part of everyday life, many people atomic number 18 doing it and argon not taking notice of the hurt and pain they are causing.I have chosen Eastenders for my soap opera, because it is a popular soap and the moral issue adultery is shown, through Natalie and Rickys affair. Christians have a strong view on adultery, they believe that you should keep sexual intercourse for marriage because it makes it part of a religious or spiritual contact and it makes it dependant on a commitment to spend the tug a breath of your life with someone, also Do not commit adultery is one of the ten commandments, so Christians are totally against adultery. The main characters involved were Ricky, Natalie, splatter and Barry.The storyline begins with, Ricky and his son Liam coming sustain to the square subsequently a few years away. After a few weeks Ricky is starting to settle down and he is renting a flat with Sam Mitchell his ex-wife, Natalie and Ricky are friends at this point. After a while Natalie realizes she tacit loves Ricky, her first love, and starts meeting up with him secretly and has sexual intercourse with him. Natalie makes up excuses saying that shes works overtime and during her lunch breaks when shes really meeting up with Ricky. One night Pat sees Ricky woof up Natalie from round the corner from their house.The next morning Pat confronts Natalie about what she saw and tells her to end it but Natalie starts crying and says that she still loves Ricky, but Pat tells Natalie about her own love life and that she would be devising a big mistake by seeing Ricky. Natalie is still mistake and not sure whom she wants to be with. On Rickys birthday Natalie stays post and looks after(prenominal) Jack and Liam, Rickys son. So Barry, Pat and Roy can go to Rickys party soon after they arrive Barry persuades Roy and Pat to go home and baby-sit so Natalie can come to the party.When Natalie arrives she gives Ricky his card and on the back of the envelope Natalie wrote meet me distant the back where she tells him that she is going to leave Barry. Pat and Natalie talk again and Pat shows Natalie the secret tape, which Barry has recorded for Natalies birthday it is a really special tape because Barry says how much he loves her, how important she is to him and how happy she makes him feel, after seeing the video Natalie realises that she is doing wrong and tells Ricky its over.Natalie realises she cant forget Ricky and soon their affair is back on and they plan to move away from the square and start afresh. They plan to leave on Natalies birthday, Natalie doesn t even care about the preparations that Barry made for her birthday party in the Vic. They are fixate to head off but Rickys car has broken down so they have to take the car that Barry bought for Natalie. Barry is still in the Vic waiting for the guest of honour to arrive but Janine knows about Ricky and Natalie and tells Barry. Barry runs out-of-door and sees Natalie driving off but he stops them.Natalie past tells Barry shes leaving him, Barry takes her into the Vic and shows her what he has coordinate for her, Natalie runs off to the toilets Barry runs after her and tries o make her change her mind but her minds al make water made up. Natalie is ready to leave but then Janine tells Natalie that Ricky slept with Sam, Natalie leaves the square only taking her son with her. Barry is left embracebroken, he then finds out that Pat knew about Ricky and Natalie, Pat and Roy end up having an argument about it, Roy has a heart attack and dies.The issue seen was dealt sensitively beca use the different characters feelings were expressed, although it was Natalie who was having the affair, you could see that not only was it the innocent partner that was confused but the partner which was committing adultery was even more confused, Natalie wasnt sure who she wanted to be with at some points and was getting very upset over it. Pat tried to help her make the obligation decision but Natalie didnt care. This soap opera made the moral issue less appealing, I think that it made people think more about what they are doing is totally wrong.The reason it did not make it more appealing is because it showed all the different component part people were left in, Natalie ended it with Ricky because he slept with Sam, Barry was left with no son and no wife, the baby was left with no father, Pat was left as the enemy and homeless because Roy dies and leaves the house to Barry, so the issue was shown well balanced because all the main characters feelings and circumstances were sho wn, many of the characters were feeling hurt.Overall I think this soap opera has shown adultery to be harsh because it shows just how many peoples lives are ruined not just the adultery committers, but people who exertion to help them understand what they are doing is wrong, but are then given the evil for not telltale(a) the truthful partner. So this teaches most viewers that adultery is not a good thing. I beart think that soap operas might affect peoples demeanor because mostly they deal with issues to express the circumstances of good and bad. This issue would not cause offence because although it is an issue, which is incident in everyday life it is not based on particular people.

Information Technology

1. What does it mean to proceed in the digital age? B. Living, runing, learning, and playing in a digital orb 2. Why do we cereb site enginee rabble invasive? B. applied science is so pervasive that we believe we screwnot brisk without it 3. How long did it government issue for iPod to penetrate a securities industry audience of 50 million people? B. 3 years 4. What dowry of todays Fortune 500 companies atomic number 18 enginee wall companies? B. 10% 5. What is the balance between how you would leveraging applied science comp ard to the guidance melodic phrasees purchase applied science? A. Your purchase is establish upon m superstary availability avocati hotshots ar ground upon bellige contain return . If you all important(p)ed to ensure that your concern organisation maintains a desir equal return on your enthronization with engineering science, what should be champion of your main concerns? A. Your technology helps streamline cost without sacrificing quality 7. If you wanted to ensure that your personal credit line maintains a competitive coast, what should be one of your main concerns when purchasing technology? D. The new technology enables you to be innovative and consort into new securities industrys 8. Which question does not have got a line of work efforts to support and maintain a competitive edge? C. Can this technology make the lodge look better? 9.Should a commercial enterprise conclusions approximately its technology take on its argument strategy? D. No, line of credit strategy should drive closings just most its technology 10. When a business is analyzing its technology needs, it should fol lowly a series of steps. Which of the hobby is not one of these steps? C. patch up the quality of technology that employees argon comfortable working with 11. What should you understand first when analyzing the technology needs of your business? A. The industry in which your business operates 12. After you unde rstand your competition and its affect on your industry, what should you do beside? C.Align your strategies, processes, and technology with your understanding of your industry 13. Which of the side by side(p) deals with the planning for, using, precaution, and design of schooling technology? B. focusing discipline outlines 14. way schooling formations (MIS) foc parts on which of the sideline? B. Tasks related to breeding processing and vigilance 15. Which of the pastime is not a secern resource of MIS? D. Methods 16. Which of the following is the to the lowest degree important resource within MIS? B. applied science 17. Which of the following accounts successfully differentiates the term MIS from IT?C. IT is a voice of MIS 18. Which of the following deals with the planning for, learning, management, and intake of information technology? B. Management information remainss 19. What coordinates and uses three administrational resources information, people, and IT? A. MIS 1. What is the name of the non-paid, non-employee business forge of collaboration used by Goldcorp a Toronto-based golden mining company in Canada? D. Crowdsourcing 2. What is a dispersion reach? C. The path a increase or armed work follows from its originator to the consumer 3.In contemporary business, success dep end ups on minimizing the _____ in an seek to reduce the costs of producing and marketing intersections or service. C. Distribution chain 4. Which of the following activities tracks inventory and information among business processes and across companies? A. fork up chain management (SCM) 5. Which of the following is a method for producing or delivering a product or service just at the time the customer wants it? B. Just-in-time manufacturing 6. Which term describes an start that produces or delivers a product or service just at the time the customer wants it? A. Just-in-time . If you were to purchase a elevator car before it was make and the assemb ly of that car was dictated by your bringments, you would be utilizing which sheath of manufacturing process? A. customer-driven manufacturing B. Just-in-time manufacturing C. Customized facial expression D. Transaction-based production 8. Which part of transportation uses multiple channels to transport products from the manufacturing location to the customer destination? C. Inter-modal 9. The complexity of SCM is supported by technology. Which intricate SCM practise needs strong monitoring by SCM bodys? A. Multi-channel service rakeB. guest track C. Inter-modal transportation D. Sales force tracking 10. What is the prime focus of emerge chain management (SCM)? D. boilers suit cost leadership and below the line initiative 11. Which of the following results from a well-designed supply chain management system? D. Well-designed SCM systems give the axe enhance any of these stated activities 12. In relation to SCM, what is an information partnership? B. dickens or more c ompanies cooperating by integrating their IT systems 13. Optimizing what ensures that the mightily quantity of parts mystify at the expert time for production or sale?D. Fulfillment 14. Optimizing what obtains the cost of transporting corporals as low as viable? A. Logistics 15. For a moment, imagine yourself visiting your local florist to localise flowers for a company you were preparing for. The florist, however, did not come the signwrite of flower em partment you hoped for but the florist was able to immediately find, order and deliver this arrangement directly to your home from their supplier. What kind of relationship does this represent? A. An information partnership 16. Which of the following systems primarily concentrates on the customer? A. CRM 17.Which of the following systems uses information about customers to gain insights into their needs, wants, and behaviors in order to execute them better? D. Customer relationship management (CRM) 18. Which of the follo wing systems can be used to gain insights into the needs, wants, and behaviors of customers? B. Customer relationship management systems (CRM) 19. Which term describes a business approach to offering multiple ways in which customers can interact with it? C. Multi-channel service delivery 20. What is a primitive refinement of CRM systems? C. To manage and track customer interactions 1.To be in business and to enable your scheme to extract meaningful information from its information repositories, you need which character reference of exercise? B. c in alling intuition 2. What application enables your cheek to analyze competitor, customer, milieual, and subjective data? C. Business intelligence 3. Which system takes your system of rules to gather, process, and update transactional information? A. Online analytical processing (OLAP) 4. What is another name for a database that supports OLTP? D. useable database 5. Which application supports the consumption of information t o support decision fashioning? D.Online analytical processing (OLAP) 6. A senior manager who analyzes internal and external information to analyze marketing campaigns and their affect on customer purchase habits is using which fiber of application? A. Online analytical processing (OLAP) 7. Which application is considered the heart and soul of any organization? D. informationbases 8. What is the most touristy model for creating databases? D. relative database 9. Which of the following terms represent an organized and grammatical constructiond show of information? B. Database 10. Which suit of database stores data in a series of logically related 2-dimensional tables or filing cabinets?D. Relational 11. Your bookman ID is an example of a(n) _____. A. Relation 12. Which term refers to a specific piece of data that is stored in a database file? D. Attribute 13. Which character reference of database model organizes and accesses information according to its logical structure kind of than its physical structure? C. Relational 14. Which part of a relational database contains the logical structure for the information? A. Data dictionary 15. If you require to store facts about information that you were collecting, you would store these facts in the _____. D. Data dictionary 6. Which fiber of application requires that you bed the physical location of information before you argon able to access it? C. Spreadsheets 17. Which type of database is used when you want to raise ties in the information that show how the files relate to each other? D. Relational 18. What is the type of field, or group of fields, that can unequivocally identify each record in a database? C. Primary key 19. If your phone number was used in a clothing store to uniquely identify you as a customer, the phone number would be considered a(n) _____. C. Primary key 20.Every primary key can also be a(n) _____ key. A. Foreign 1. In what decision reservation arrange do you recognize a p roblem, need, or opportunity? D. Intelligence 2. If you were to identify and investigate a problem in your organization, what decision qualification physique would you be in? C. Intelligence 3. In what decision do phase do you consider possible ways of solving problems, filling needs, or capitalizing on opportunities? A. objective 4. In what decision making phase do you examine and weigh the merits of solutions, estimate the consequence of each, and choose the trounce solution? B. superior 5.In what decision making phase do you implement solutions and monitor and specify the environment based on the consequences of these solutions? C. Implementation 6. If you were tweaking your technology solution so that it worked more efficiently than its veritable form, what decision making phase would you be in? A. Implementation 7. When you make a choice that may not un stay offably be the best choice but it accumulates your needs, youre making a(n) _____ choice. A. Satisficing 8. i n that location are four-spot main types of decisions. Which one represents decisions that always have a right answer? D. Structured 9.Which of the four types of decisions overstep sporadically, perhaps exclusively once? B. Nonrecurring or ad hoc 10. If you were making a decision involving fuzzy logic what type of decision would you be making? A. Non coordinate 11. In business and in flavour, where do most decisions aspect into? C. Between merged and unstructured 12. There are four main types of decisions. Which one occurs on a regular rationalness? B. Recurring 13. There are four main types of decisions. Which one occurs on an ad hoc? B. Nonrecurring 14. What type of information system is built to support decisions based on problems that are not structured? C. Decision support systems 15.What must you have before you can effectively use a DSS? B. immense knowledge or expertise 16. What is the purpose of a decision support system? B. To assist you with making decisions 17. A decision support system (DSS) typically has three components. Which of the following is not one of these components? B. research management 18. Which DSS component consists of both(prenominal)(prenominal) the DSS models and the DSS model management system? D. Model management 19. If you were to take facts about your business, mix them with diachronic information, and then create a computer simulation to help you understand emerging events, you would be creating ____. C. A model 0. Which type of information is not embed in a DSS? B. self-assurance take aims 1. What day occurs subsequently dark Friday when consumers go back to work and shop online on the mesh for products they found on Black Friday on retail shelves? B. Cyber Monday 2. What type of commerce is possible because of the profits and is accelerated and enhance by it and the technology that supports it? A. E-commerce 3. What formal business plan maps out your customer base and your strategy for hit them? D. P ath-to-profitability (P2P) 4. If you wanted to avoid the failure of the dot-com businesses from the late 1990s, what does the author recommend you do?C. Develop a path-to-profitability (P2P) plan 5. Which type of e-commerce occurs when a business sells products or services to customers who are primarily other businesses? D. B2B 6. Which e-commerce model has proven to be the most lucrative model in the world? C. B2B 7. If your company sold widgets to the cable car industry and these sales were conducted done the Internet, what type of e-commerce model would you be using? C. B2B 8. What term depicts a practical(prenominal) marketplace in which all businesses buy from and sell products and services to each other, and share information?B. E-Markets (EM) 9. Which type of e-commerce occurs when a business sells products and services to customers who are primarily individuals? B. B2C 10. In the 1990s, which of the following fueled the early process of e-commerce? A. B2C 11. When you p urchase your books for this cut from an online source such as Amazon. com, you are conducting which type of e-commerce? D. B2C 12. Which e-commerce business model depicts affect driven by the consumer with supply driven by the business? B. C2B 13. What is the major contrariety between B2B and B2C e-commerce? C.fundamental interaction between consumers and businesses are direct in the B2B market they are indirect in the B2C market 14. Which type e-commerce occurs when an individual sells products and services to a business? A. C2B 15. In what type of e-commerce do the consumer drive supply and the business drive supplicate? A. C2B 16. Fotolia is an excellent example of which type of e-commerce? D. C2B 17. If you created links on your personal Web pose that connected your visitors to businesses with the goal that you would earn a fee for purchases made by your visitors, what type e-commerce model are you creating?D. C2C 18. Affiliate programs are good examples of which type of e- commerce? D. C2B 19. Which type of e-commerce occurs when an individual sells products and services to another individual? A. C2C 20. Which type of e-commerce model typically requires the use of an intermediary organization to carry out transactions? B. G2C 1. There are methods to excogitation and developing business applications. Which of the following is not one of these methods? C. Networking 2. Which of the following systems maturement techniques requires IT specialists that are in-house to develop business applications?B. Insourcing 3. Which of the following systems development techniques allows end users to develop business applications? D. Selfsourcing 4. If you were developing marketing strategies and, in your job, decided to create a database that track the progress of your marketing efforts, what kind of development would you be engaging in? C. Selfsourcing 5. Which of the following systems development techniques doom development tasks to a third base party for a spec ified cost, period of time, and level of service? B. Outsourcing 6. What is the difference between insourcing and selfsourcing? C.Selfsourcing allows for end user development insourcing requires internal IT staff 7. What is the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? B. A structured approach for developing information systems 8. What is the waterfall methodology? A. A sequential, bodily function based SDLC 9. The SDLC contains septenary-spot phases. Which phase is devoted to creating a solid plan for developing your information system? B. Planning 10. The SDLC contains heptad phases. Which phase involves end users and IT specialist working together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system?D. Analysis 11. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase builds a technical blueprint of how the proposed system forget work? A. Design 12. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase transforms the design into an actual system? C. Development 13. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase verifies that the system works and meets all the business requirements developed in an earlier phase? D. Testing 14. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase distributes the system to all the users so that they can use it to perform their jobs? A. Implementation 15. The SDLC contains seven phases.Which phase monitors and supports the new system to ensure it continues to meet your business goals? C. Maintenance 16. Which of the following is a characteristic of a proposed system that is essential to the success of your organization? C. Critical success factor 17. What is a project scope document? B. A one-paragraph statement about the scope of the proposed project 18. Which of the following occurs when the scope of the project ontogenys beyond its original intentions? A. place setting abstract 19. Which of the following occurs when developers and end users add extra features that were not part of the initial requirements?B. Feature c reep 20. What document defines the what, when, and who questions of systems development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity? B. Project plan 1. Which of the following focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small self-contained blocks of enrol to meet all the application packet needs of an organization? D. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) 2. An SOA mentality has many advantages. Which of the following is not one of these? B.Is reactive in nature and waits until technology and changes in the environment are horse barn 3. What does an IT-enabled SOA philosophy lead for the customers of an organization? D. Multi-channel services, and customizable products and services 4. What type of technology would allow a customer in a SOA environment to connect to any communications channel (e. g. , fax or Web) in an organization? C. Plug-and-play 5. Which of the followi ng statement is square(a) regarding an SOA philosophy about the end user of IT? A. The end user should be thought of in the same way as a customer 6.Which category of business application satisfies the SOA philosophy for the end user? D. ERP 7. According to the SOA philosophy, should end users be able to access an organizations computing and information resources from any place theyre currently working? A. Yes 8. According to the SOA philosophy, what is the most important organizational resource? D. large number 9. With regards to information, what does an SOA approach require? A. Information must be in a standard format no matter where it is 10. With regards to hardware, what does an SOA approach require? C. Integrated and seamless technology platforms 1. What is the term that depicts the structure beneath a structure? D. alkali 12. What does the IT structure beneath a structure include? A. Hardware, software product, and information 13. According to the authors, what trafficke r now offers ERP solutions spacious Plaine to small and medium-sized companies? B. Microsoft 14. Which of the following is not considered a harness player in ERP systems? C. Cognos 15. black flag is one of the dominate ERP software suppliers. What module area of ERP software do they specialize in? B. Logistics 16. At what percent has the ERP market been growing per year? C. 30% 17.The ERP market has been growing at a rate of at least 30 percent per year. Why? D. Globalization 18. Which of the following is not a reason for the rapid increase in ERP systems? D. Increase investments in data warehousing and mining 19. The growing of the ERP market has been boasted by both business and technical factors. With respect to business, what is the most cited reason for this suppuration? C. Globalization 20. The growth of the ERP market has been boasted by both business and technical factors. With respect to the technical aspect, what is the most cited reason for this growth? C. EU prop erty 1.What are the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people? B. Ethics 2. There are two fundamental factors that determine your respectable reaction to quandarys. What is one of them? A. Your basic estimable structure 3. There are two fundamental factors that determine your ethical reaction to dilemmas. What is one of them? C. The circumstances surrounding the dilemma 4. There are different levels of un sealedty when faced with ethical decisions each creates a sort of ring around the dilemma. What is true of the outside level or ring? D. The behavior or actions arent considered awful and are more trustworthy by society . There are different levels of uncertainty when faced with ethical decisions each creates a sort of ring around the dilemma. What is true of the inside level or ring? C. Illegal and/or unethical behavior become less tolerated by society 6. Your decisions about an ethical dilemma are influenced by practical circumstances. Which of the f ollowing is not considered an influencing circumstance? D. Time from action 7. Your decisions regarding ethics are influenced by a number of factors. Which is not one of these factors? C. Your age, gender, education, and socio-economic status 8.If you were concerned about how a person would looking at because of somewhatthing you did, you would be experiencing what type of influencing circumstance? D. Reach of result 9. Are ethical dilemmas belatedly to understand? D. No, they normally arise from a clash between competing goals, responsibilities, and loyalties 10. Which of the following protects the intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form? B. Intellectual property 11. If you were to create a computer endorse for a grooming assignment in programming, what type of law provides you with some protection against people selling your game without your harmonize? B. Copyright 2. If you were to create a self portrait and you place this portrait on your Web site, wha t type of law protects your work from anyone downloading and using it? A. Copyright 13. Which of the following protects expressions of ideas, literary and dramatic works, tuneful and theatrical compositions, and works of art? D. Copyright 14. What is the legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, video game, and some types of proprietary documents? C. Copyright 15. Which type of law allows people to use copyrighted sensible in tenet environments without obtaining the consent of the owner of this material?C. passably Use Doctrine 16. What says that you may use copyrighted material in certain mails for example, in the creation of new work or, within certain limits, for teaching purposes? D. Fair Use Doctrine 17. Is copyright infringement illegal? B. Yes, outside of a jolly use situation 18. Can you make a copy of software that you buy? D. Only if the software vendor grants you the right to copy it 19. When you purchase copyrighted software, what are you actually paying for? D. The right to use it 20. Which of the following is the unofficial use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyrighted software?A. Pirated software 1. What is the technology called that will allow you to take your TV programming with you? C. Sling 2. Which of the following would not be considered a new Internet-based make out or technology? C. Web 1. 0 3. What is software-as-a-service (SaaS)? C. Software that you pay for its use the more a good deal you use it the more often you pay 4. Which of the following is a delivery model that would enable you to rent software? C. SaaS 5. What type of Internet company provides pay-per-use software? D. activity service provider (ASP) . If you were traveling abroad and call for to use some software that you did not currently have, and did not want to purchase, what type of software could you rent during this trip? D. Application Service Provider (ASP) 7. When you are using a Web-based server to run applications, wh at issues should you be concerned with? A. auspices of your data and personal information from the company some of these companies will sell this information to a third party 8. What is weight-lift technology? C. Information that finds its way automatically to you 9.Which of the following technologies will affect push technology the most? D. Database and data warehouses 10. Which of the following is an e-commerce model in which a consumer communicates through an Internet company with a manufacturer to create customized products? A. F2b2C 11. What is the term used when intermediate business partners in traditional distribution channels are bypassed? C. Disintermediation 12. Which of the following technologies allows you to send voice communications over the Internet and avoid the bell shape charges traditionally incurred by consumers? C. VoIP 13.What new Web environment features online collaboration, dynamic and customized executes, and greater hear of Web core by users? B. Web 2. 0 14. What type of Web site allows you, as a visitor, to create, edit, change, and delete center? B. Wiki 15. If you were reading an denomination located on a Web site and were able to update the article based on information that you discovered from your work, what type of Web site would you be working on? A. Wiki 16. What is it called when a business provides enabling technologies to their customers so that they are able to create, modify, and oversee the development of a product or service?C. Crowdsourcing 17. What technology is in the form of a journal in which you post entries in chronological order and often includes the capabilities for other viewers to add comments to your journal entries? C. Blogs 18. What is the difference between a social networking site and a blog? A. Social networking sites create a society of people blogs keep people informed 19. What technology provides frequently published and updated digital content on the Web? C. RSS feed 20. What term refers to your ability to download audio and video files into a handheld, portable catch? D. PodcastingInformation Technology1. What does it mean to live in the digital age? B. Living, working, learning, and playing in a digital world 2. Why do we consider technology invasive? B. Technology is so pervasive that we believe we cannot live without it 3. How long did it take for iPod to penetrate a market audience of 50 million people? B. 3 years 4. What percentage of todays Fortune 500 companies are technology companies? B. 10% 5. What is the difference between how you would purchase technology compared to the way businesses purchase technology? A. Your purchase is based upon money availability businesses are based upon competitive advantage . If you wanted to ensure that your business maintains a desirable return on your investment with technology, what should be one of your main concerns? A. Your technology helps streamline costs without sacrificing quality 7. If you wanted to ensure that your business maintains a competitive edge, what should be one of your main concerns when purchasing technology? D. The new technology enables you to be innovative and move into new markets 8. Which question does not support a business efforts to support and maintain a competitive edge? C. Can this technology make the company look better? 9.Should a business decisions about its technology drive its business strategy? D. No, business strategy should drive decisions about its technology 10. When a business is analyzing its technology needs, it should follow a series of steps. Which of the following is not one of these steps? C. Determine the type of technology that employees are comfortable working with 11. What should you understand first when analyzing the technology needs of your business? A. The industry in which your business operates 12. After you understand your competition and its affect on your industry, what should you do next? C.Align your strategies, processes, and techno logy with your understanding of your industry 13. Which of the following deals with the planning for, development, management, and use of information technology? B. Management information systems 14. Management information systems (MIS) focuses on which of the following? B. Tasks related to information processing and management 15. Which of the following is not a key resource of MIS? D. Methods 16. Which of the following is the least important resource within MIS? B. Technology 17. Which of the following statements successfully differentiates the term MIS from IT?C. IT is a component of MIS 18. Which of the following deals with the planning for, development, management, and use of information technology? B. Management information systems 19. What coordinates and uses three organizational resources information, people, and IT? A. MIS 1. What is the name of the non-paid, non-employee business model of collaboration used by Goldcorp a Toronto-based gold mining company in Canada? D. Cro wdsourcing 2. What is a distribution chain? C. The path a product or service follows from its originator to the consumer 3.In contemporary business, success depends on minimizing the _____ in an attempt to reduce the costs of producing and selling products or services. C. Distribution chain 4. Which of the following activities tracks inventory and information among business processes and across companies? A. Supply chain management (SCM) 5. Which of the following is a method for producing or delivering a product or service just at the time the customer wants it? B. Just-in-time manufacturing 6. Which term describes an approach that produces or delivers a product or service just at the time the customer wants it? A. Just-in-time . If you were to purchase a car before it was manufactured and the assembly of that car was dictated by your requirements, you would be utilizing which type of manufacturing process? A. Customer-driven manufacturing B. Just-in-time manufacturing C. Customized construction D. Transaction-based production 8. Which type of transportation uses multiple channels to transport products from the manufacturing location to the customer destination? C. Inter-modal 9. The complexity of SCM is supported by technology. Which intricate SCM activity needs strong monitoring by SCM systems? A. Multi-channel service deliveryB. Customer tracking C. Inter-modal transportation D. Sales force tracking 10. What is the primary focus of supply chain management (SCM)? D. Overall cost leadership and below the line initiative 11. Which of the following results from a well-designed supply chain management system? D. Well-designed SCM systems can enhance any of these stated activities 12. In relation to SCM, what is an information partnership? B. Two or more companies cooperating by integrating their IT systems 13. Optimizing what ensures that the right quantity of parts arrive at the right time for production or sale?D. Fulfillment 14. Optimizing what keeps the cost of transporting materials as low as possible? A. Logistics 15. For a moment, imagine yourself visiting your local florist to order flowers for a party you were preparing for. The florist, however, did not have the type of flower arrangement you hoped for but the florist was able to immediately find, order and deliver this arrangement directly to your home from their supplier. What kind of relationship does this represent? A. An information partnership 16. Which of the following systems primarily concentrates on the customer? A. CRM 17.Which of the following systems uses information about customers to gain insights into their needs, wants, and behaviors in order to serve them better? D. Customer relationship management (CRM) 18. Which of the following systems can be used to gain insights into the needs, wants, and behaviors of customers? B. Customer relationship management systems (CRM) 19. Which term describes a business approach to offering multiple ways in which customers can int eract with it? C. Multi-channel service delivery 20. What is a fundamental goal of CRM systems? C. To manage and track customer interactions 1.To succeed in business and to enable your organization to extract meaningful information from its information repositories, you need which type of application? B. Business intelligence 2. What application enables your organization to analyze competitor, customer, environmental, and internal data? C. Business intelligence 3. Which system allows your organization to gather, process, and update transactional information? A. Online analytical processing (OLAP) 4. What is another name for a database that supports OLTP? D. Operational database 5. Which application supports the manipulation of information to support decision making? D.Online analytical processing (OLAP) 6. A senior manager who analyzes internal and external information to analyze marketing campaigns and their affect on customer buying habits is using which type of application? A. On line analytical processing (OLAP) 7. Which application is considered the heart and soul of any organization? D. Databases 8. What is the most popular model for creating databases? D. Relational database 9. Which of the following terms represent an organized and structured collection of information? B. Database 10. Which type of database stores data in a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files?D. Relational 11. Your student ID is an example of a(n) _____. A. Relation 12. Which term refers to a specific piece of data that is stored in a database file? D. Attribute 13. Which type of database model organizes and accesses information according to its logical structure rather than its physical structure? C. Relational 14. Which part of a relational database contains the logical structure for the information? A. Data dictionary 15. If you needed to store facts about information that you were collecting, you would store these facts in the _____. D. Data dictionary 6. Whi ch type of application requires that you know the physical location of information before you are able to access it? C. Spreadsheets 17. Which type of database is used when you want to create ties in the information that show how the files relate to each other? D. Relational 18. What is the type of field, or group of fields, that can uniquely identify each record in a database? C. Primary key 19. If your phone number was used in a clothing store to uniquely identify you as a customer, the phone number would be considered a(n) _____. C. Primary key 20.Every primary key can also be a(n) _____ key. A. Foreign 1. In what decision making phase do you recognize a problem, need, or opportunity? D. Intelligence 2. If you were to identify and investigate a problem in your organization, what decision making phase would you be in? C. Intelligence 3. In what decision making phase do you consider possible ways of solving problems, filling needs, or capitalizing on opportunities? A. Design 4. In what decision making phase do you examine and weigh the merits of solutions, estimate the consequence of each, and choose the best solution? B. Choice 5.In what decision making phase do you implement solutions and monitor and adjust the environment based on the consequences of these solutions? C. Implementation 6. If you were tweaking your technology solution so that it worked more efficiently than its original form, what decision making phase would you be in? A. Implementation 7. When you make a choice that may not necessarily be the best choice but it meets your needs, youre making a(n) _____ choice. A. Satisficing 8. There are four main types of decisions. Which one represents decisions that always have a right answer? D. Structured 9.Which of the four types of decisions occur sporadically, perhaps only once? B. Nonrecurring or ad hoc 10. If you were making a decision involving fuzzy logic what type of decision would you be making? A. Nonstructured 11. In business and in life, wh ere do most decisions fit into? C. Between structured and unstructured 12. There are four main types of decisions. Which one occurs on a regular basis? B. Recurring 13. There are four main types of decisions. Which one occurs on an ad hoc? B. Nonrecurring 14. What type of information system is built to support decisions based on problems that are not structured? C. Decision support systems 15.What must you have before you can effectively use a DSS? B. Considerable knowledge or expertise 16. What is the purpose of a decision support system? B. To assist you with making decisions 17. A decision support system (DSS) typically has three components. Which of the following is not one of these components? B. Query management 18. Which DSS component consists of both the DSS models and the DSS model management system? D. Model management 19. If you were to take facts about your business, mix them with historical information, and then create a computer simulation to help you understand future events, you would be creating ____. C. A model 0. Which type of information is not found in a DSS? B. Confidence levels 1. What day occurs after Black Friday when consumers go back to work and shop online on the Internet for products they found on Black Friday on retail shelves? B. Cyber Monday 2. What type of commerce is possible because of the Internet and is accelerated and enhanced by it and the technology that supports it? A. E-commerce 3. What formal business plan maps out your customer base and your strategy for reaching them? D. Path-to-profitability (P2P) 4. If you wanted to avoid the failure of the dot-com businesses from the late 1990s, what does the author recommend you do?C. Develop a path-to-profitability (P2P) plan 5. Which type of e-commerce occurs when a business sells products or services to customers who are primarily other businesses? D. B2B 6. Which e-commerce model has proven to be the most lucrative model in the world? C. B2B 7. If your company sold widgets t o the automobile industry and these sales were conducted through the Internet, what type of e-commerce model would you be using? C. B2B 8. What term depicts a virtual marketplace in which all businesses buy from and sell products and services to each other, and share information?B. E-Markets (EM) 9. Which type of e-commerce occurs when a business sells products and services to customers who are primarily individuals? B. B2C 10. In the 1990s, which of the following fueled the early growth of e-commerce? A. B2C 11. When you purchase your books for this course from an online source such as Amazon. com, you are conducting which type of e-commerce? D. B2C 12. Which e-commerce business model depicts demand driven by the consumer with supply driven by the business? B. C2B 13. What is the major difference between B2B and B2C e-commerce? C.Interaction between consumers and businesses are direct in the B2B market they are indirect in the B2C market 14. Which type e-commerce occurs when an ind ividual sells products and services to a business? A. C2B 15. In what type of e-commerce do the consumer drive supply and the business drive demand? A. C2B 16. Fotolia is an excellent example of which type of e-commerce? D. C2B 17. If you created links on your personal Web site that connected your visitors to businesses with the goal that you would earn a fee for purchases made by your visitors, what type e-commerce model are you creating?D. C2C 18. Affiliate programs are good examples of which type of e-commerce? D. C2B 19. Which type of e-commerce occurs when an individual sells products and services to another individual? A. C2C 20. Which type of e-commerce model typically requires the use of an intermediary organization to complete transactions? B. G2C 1. There are methods to designing and developing business applications. Which of the following is not one of these methods? C. Networking 2. Which of the following systems development techniques requires IT specialists that are in -house to develop business applications?B. Insourcing 3. Which of the following systems development techniques allows end users to develop business applications? D. Selfsourcing 4. If you were developing marketing strategies and, in your job, decided to create a database that tracked the progress of your marketing efforts, what kind of development would you be engaging in? C. Selfsourcing 5. Which of the following systems development techniques delegate development tasks to a third party for a specified cost, period of time, and level of service? B. Outsourcing 6. What is the difference between insourcing and selfsourcing? C.Selfsourcing allows for end user development insourcing requires internal IT staff 7. What is the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? B. A structured approach for developing information systems 8. What is the waterfall methodology? A. A sequential, activity based SDLC 9. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase is devoted to creating a solid plan for devel oping your information system? B. Planning 10. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase involves end users and IT specialist working together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system?D. Analysis 11. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase builds a technical blueprint of how the proposed system will work? A. Design 12. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase transforms the design into an actual system? C. Development 13. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase verifies that the system works and meets all the business requirements developed in an earlier phase? D. Testing 14. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase distributes the system to all the users so that they can use it to perform their jobs? A. Implementation 15. The SDLC contains seven phases.Which phase monitors and supports the new system to ensure it continues to meet your business goals? C. Maintenance 16. Which of the following is a characteristic of a prop osed system that is essential to the success of your organization? C. Critical success factor 17. What is a project scope document? B. A one-paragraph statement about the scope of the proposed project 18. Which of the following occurs when the scope of the project increases beyond its original intentions? A. Scope creep 19. Which of the following occurs when developers and end users add extra features that were not part of the initial requirements?B. Feature creep 20. What document defines the what, when, and who questions of systems development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity? B. Project plan 1. Which of the following focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small self-contained blocks of code to meet all the application software needs of an organization? D. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) 2. An SOA mentality has many advantages. Which of the following is not one of these? B.Is reactive in nature and waits until technology and changes in the environment are stable 3. What does an IT-enabled SOA philosophy provide for the customers of an organization? D. Multi-channel services, and customizable products and services 4. What type of technology would allow a customer in a SOA environment to connect to any communications channel (e. g. , fax or Web) in an organization? C. Plug-and-play 5. Which of the following statement is true regarding an SOA philosophy about the end user of IT? A. The end user should be thought of in the same way as a customer 6.Which category of business application satisfies the SOA philosophy for the end user? D. ERP 7. According to the SOA philosophy, should end users be able to access an organizations computing and information resources from any place theyre currently working? A. Yes 8. According to the SOA philosophy, what is the most important organizational resource? D. People 9. With regards to informatio n, what does an SOA approach require? A. Information must be in a standard format no matter where it is 10. With regards to hardware, what does an SOA approach require? C. Integrated and seamless technology platforms 1. What is the term that depicts the structure beneath a structure? D. Infrastructure 12. What does the IT structure beneath a structure include? A. Hardware, software, and information 13. According to the authors, what vendor now offers ERP solutions Great Plaine to small and medium-sized companies? B. Microsoft 14. Which of the following is not considered a dominate player in ERP systems? C. Cognos 15. SAP is one of the dominate ERP software suppliers. What module area of ERP software do they specialize in? B. Logistics 16. At what percent has the ERP market been growing per year? C. 30% 17.The ERP market has been growing at a rate of at least 30 percent per year. Why? D. Globalization 18. Which of the following is not a reason for the rapid increase in ERP systems? D. Increase investments in data warehousing and mining 19. The growth of the ERP market has been boasted by both business and technical factors. With respect to business, what is the most cited reason for this growth? C. Globalization 20. The growth of the ERP market has been boasted by both business and technical factors. With respect to the technical aspect, what is the most cited reason for this growth? C. EU currency 1.What are the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people? B. Ethics 2. There are two fundamental factors that determine your ethical reaction to dilemmas. What is one of them? A. Your basic ethical structure 3. There are two fundamental factors that determine your ethical reaction to dilemmas. What is one of them? C. The circumstances surrounding the dilemma 4. There are different levels of uncertainty when faced with ethical decisions each creates a sort of ring around the dilemma. What is true of the outside level or ring? D. The behavi or or actions arent considered awful and are more accepted by society . There are different levels of uncertainty when faced with ethical decisions each creates a sort of ring around the dilemma. What is true of the inside level or ring? C. Illegal and/or unethical behavior become less tolerated by society 6. Your decisions about an ethical dilemma are influenced by practical circumstances. Which of the following is not considered an influencing circumstance? D. Time from action 7. Your decisions regarding ethics are influenced by a number of factors. Which is not one of these factors? C. Your age, gender, education, and socio-economic status 8.If you were concerned about how a person would feel because of something you did, you would be experiencing what type of influencing circumstance? D. Reach of result 9. Are ethical dilemmas easy to understand? D. No, they usually arise from a clash between competing goals, responsibilities, and loyalties 10. Which of the following protects th e intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form? B. Intellectual property 11. If you were to create a computer game for a homework assignment in programming, what type of law provides you with some protection against people selling your game without your consent? B. Copyright 2. If you were to create a self portrait and you place this portrait on your Web site, what type of law protects your work from anyone downloading and using it? A. Copyright 13. Which of the following protects expressions of ideas, literary and dramatic works, musical and theatrical compositions, and works of art? D. Copyright 14. What is the legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, video game, and some types of proprietary documents? C. Copyright 15. Which type of law allows people to use copyrighted material in teaching environments without obtaining the consent of the owner of this material?C. Fair Use Doctrine 16. What says that you may use copyrighted material in cer tain situations for example, in the creation of new work or, within certain limits, for teaching purposes? D. Fair Use Doctrine 17. Is copyright infringement illegal? B. Yes, outside of a fair use situation 18. Can you make a copy of software that you buy? D. Only if the software vendor grants you the right to copy it 19. When you purchase copyrighted software, what are you actually paying for? D. The right to use it 20. Which of the following is the unauthorized use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyrighted software?A. Pirated software 1. What is the technology called that will allow you to take your TV programming with you? C. Sling 2. Which of the following would not be considered a new Internet-based trend or technology? C. Web 1. 0 3. What is software-as-a-service (SaaS)? C. Software that you pay for its use the more often you use it the more often you pay 4. Which of the following is a delivery model that would enable you to rent software? C. SaaS 5. What type of Int ernet company provides pay-per-use software? D. Application service provider (ASP) . If you were traveling abroad and needed to use some software that you did not currently have, and did not want to purchase, what type of software could you rent during this trip? D. Application Service Provider (ASP) 7. When you are using a Web-based server to run applications, what issues should you be concerned with? A. Security of your data and personal information from the company some of these companies will sell this information to a third party 8. What is push technology? C. Information that finds its way automatically to you 9.Which of the following technologies will affect push technology the most? D. Database and data warehouses 10. Which of the following is an e-commerce model in which a consumer communicates through an Internet company with a manufacturer to create customized products? A. F2b2C 11. What is the term used when intermediate business partners in traditional distribution chan nels are bypassed? C. Disintermediation 12. Which of the following technologies allows you to send voice communications over the Internet and avoid the toll charges traditionally incurred by consumers? C. VoIP 13.What new Web environment features online collaboration, dynamic and customized feeds, and greater control of Web content by users? B. Web 2. 0 14. What type of Web site allows you, as a visitor, to create, edit, change, and delete content? B. Wiki 15. If you were reading an article located on a Web site and were able to update the article based on information that you discovered from your work, what type of Web site would you be working on? A. Wiki 16. What is it called when a business provides enabling technologies to their customers so that they are able to create, modify, and oversee the development of a product or service?C. Crowdsourcing 17. What technology is in the form of a journal in which you post entries in chronological order and often includes the capabilities for other viewers to add comments to your journal entries? C. Blogs 18. What is the difference between a social networking site and a blog? A. Social networking sites create a community of people blogs keep people informed 19. What technology provides frequently published and updated digital content on the Web? C. RSS feed 20. What term refers to your ability to download audio and video files into a handheld, portable device? D. Podcasting